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Estimated lead (Pb) exposures for a population of urban community gardeners

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Abstract

Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits. However, urban garden soils can contain lead (Pb) that may pose risks to human health. To help evaluate these risks, we measured Pb concentrations in soil, vegetables, and chicken eggs from New York City community gardens, and we asked gardeners about vegetable consumption and time spent in the garden. We then estimated Pb intakes deterministically and probabilistically for adult gardeners, children who spend time in the garden, and adult (non-gardener) household members. Most central tendency Pb intakes were below provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. High contact intakes generally exceeded PTTIs. Probabilistic estimates showed approximately 40 % of children and 10 % of gardeners exceeding PTTIs. Children’s exposure came primarily from dust ingestion and exposure to higher Pb soil between beds. Gardeners’ Pb intakes were comparable to children’s (in µg/day) but were dominated by vegetable consumption. Adult household members ate less garden-grown produce than gardeners and had the lowest Pb intakes. Our results suggest that healthy gardening practices to reduce Pb exposure in urban community gardens should focus on encouraging cultivation of lower Pb vegetables (i.e., fruits) for adult gardeners and on covering higher Pb non-bed soils accessible to young children. However, the common practice of replacement of root-zone bed soil with clean soil (e.g., in raised beds) has many benefits and should also continue to be encouraged.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Award Number R21ES017921. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIEHS or the National Institutes of Health. We greatly appreciate the contributions of Megan Gregory, other Healthy Soils, Healthy Communities collaborators, and NYC community gardeners.

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  1. Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Empire State Plaza - Corning Tower Room 1743, Albany, NY, 12237, USA

    Henry M. Spliethoff, Rebecca G. Mitchell & Lydia G. Marquez-Bravo

  2. Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Hannah Shayler, Jonathan Russell-Anelli & Murray McBride

  3. Cornell University Cooperative Extension, New York City, NY, USA

    Gretchen Ferenz

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  1. Henry M. Spliethoff
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Spliethoff, H.M., Mitchell, R.G., Shayler, H. et al. Estimated lead (Pb) exposures for a population of urban community gardeners. Environ Geochem Health 38, 955–971 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9790-8

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