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Generation of cascaded four-wave-mixing

with graphene-coated microfiber

Y. Wu,

1,5

B. C. Yao,

Q. Y. Feng,

X. L. Cao,

X. Y. Zhou,

Y. J. Rao,

1,6

Y. Gong,

W. L. Zhang,

Z. G. Wang,

2,3

Y. F. Chen,

and K. S. Chiang

1,4

Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Education Ministry of China, University of Electronic

Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China

State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science

and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China

Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark

Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

e-mail: wuyuzju@163.com

e-mail: yjrao@uestc.edu.cn

Received January 6, 2015; revised February 28, 2015; accepted February 28, 2015;

posted March 2, 2015 (Doc. ID 231477); published March 27, 2015

A graphene-coated microfiber (GCM)-based hybrid waveguide structure formed by wrapping monolayer graphene

around a microfiber with length of several millimeters is pumped by a nanosecond laser at ∼1550 nm, and multi-

order cascaded four-wave-mixing (FWM) is effectively generated. By optimizing both the detuning and the pump

power, such a GCM device with high nonlinearity and compact size would have potential for a wide range of FWM

applications, such as phase-sensitive amplification, multi-wavelength filter, all-optical regeneration and fre-

OCIS codes: (190.4223) Nonlinear wave mixing; (160.4670) Optical materials; (310.2790) Guided waves.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.3.000A64

1. INTRODUCTION

Graphene has attracted worldwide interest for its exceptional

electronic and photonic properties [

1,2]; it has a unique

band-gap structure, its Fermi level of graphene is tunable,

its photon absorption is saturable, and its refractive index

is adjustable [

3–5]. Accordingly, a variety of graphene-based

photonic devices have been reported, e.g., optical modulators

[

6,7], optoelectronic converters [8–10], ultrafast photonic

lasers [

11,12], highly sensitive sensors [13], and so on. More-

over, as graphene is so thin, it could be convenient to combine

it with other dielectric waveguides, i.e., silicon/polymer wave-

guides and fibers [

7,14,15].

Four-wave-mixing (FWM), especially cascaded FWM, is

widely applied in modern optics, such as multi-wavelength

laser, optical parametric amplification, dispersion compensa-

tion, super continuum, and comb filter [

16–19]. As graphene

has the unique merit of possessing ultrahigh nonlinearity

especially 3-order nonlinearity over a broad spectral range

[

20–23], it is naturally adaptable for FWM [24,25]. Recently,

by depositing graphene on silicon cavity, covering graphene

on optical fiber ferule, and attaching graphene on microfiber,

the generation of FWM was observed [

26–30]. However, to

obtain graphene-induced effective FWM is still challenging,

because the interaction between graphene and transmitting

light is limited, the transmission loss is significant, and the

dispersion is hard to optimize.

In this paper, by using a graphene-coated microfiber

(GCM), we demonstrated effective multi-order cascaded FWM

based on a graphene/microfiber hybrid waveguide, for the

first time (to our knowledge). By utilizing a high-power pulsed

laser as pump at ∼1.55 μm and a tunable CW signal light, we

experimentally achieved tunable cascaded FWM with a large

spectral range over 15 nm. In the FWM, the detuning was

tuned from 0 to 5 nm, with a conversion efficiency up to

−20 dB. Moreover, by investigating the response of the

GCM in time-domain, FWM-induced multi-wavelength beating

is verified. Such a GCM structure would be easily integrated

into fiber-based devices and systems for generation of FWM.

2. STRUCTURE AND FABRICATION

OF THE GCM

The schematic diagram of this hybrid waveguide structure is

shown in Fig.

1(a). First, we use a microfiber with the diam-

eter of sub-wavelength. Then, a monolayer of p-doped gra-

phene is coated around the microfiber by wet-transfer

method, to form the GCM. The principle of FWM induced

in the GCM is shown in Fig.

1(b) [31]. When a pump light with

frequency of ω

and a signal light with wavelength of ω

are

launched into the GCM simultaneously, due to the photon ab-

sorptions and releases, electronic transitions in graphene

would occur, hence generate a new frequency ω

 2ω

−

. When the generated light is strong enough, cascaded

FWM process would be obtained with generating higher-order

harmonics, with frequency of 3ω

− 2ω

, 4ω

− 3ω

, and

so on.

In the experiment, the silica microfiber is fabricated from a

standard single-mode fiber (SMF; 28e, Corning) by chemical-

etching method. A section of SMF was soaked in hydrofluoric

acid for ∼43 min , after that washed by DI water and ethanol

alternately. Then it turned into a microoptical fiber with

A64 Photon. Res. / Vol. 3, No. 2 / April 2015 Wu et al.

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