非线性光纤NonlinearFiberOptics（Thefourthedition）

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### 非线性光纤光学第四版：关键知识点解析 #### 一、非线性光纤光学的发展历程与重要性自1989年第一版《非线性光纤光学》出版以来，该领域一直是活跃的研究区域，并且持续保持着快速的发展速度。在1990年代，光纤放大器和激光器的出现成为推动这一领域发展的关键因素之一。这些设备通过在石英光纤中掺杂稀土材料如铒和镱来实现。铒掺杂光纤放大器彻底改变了光纤通信系统的设计方式，包括利用光孤子的系统。光孤子的存在源于光纤中的非线性效应。光纤放大器能够补偿光信号在传输过程中遇到的所有损耗，使得光波信号能够在数千公里的距离内传播。同时，光纤放大器还支持大规模的波分复用技术，到1999年时，这种技术已经使得光波系统的容量超过了1Tb/s。因此，在设计这类高容量光波系统时，理解光纤内部的各种非线性效应几乎成为必备条件。 #### 二、新型非线性光纤的应用与发展大约从2000年开始，非线性光纤领域出现了新的进展，这不仅改变了研究重点，而且导致了一系列先进应用和技术的发展。几种新型光纤被开发出来，统称为高度非线性光纤，其中包括微结构光纤、空孔光纤或光子晶体光纤等。这些光纤共同的特点是具有相对较窄的核心，周围是由大量空气孔构成的包层。在这样的光纤中，非线性效应得到了显著增强，即使光纤长度只有几厘米也能观察到明显的非线性现象。此外，这些光纤的色散特性也与传统的电信应用光纤有所不同。由于这些变化，微结构光纤展现出一系列新颖的非线性效应，这些效应正在光学相干断层成像和高精度频率计量等领域找到应用。 #### 三、非线性效应的基本原理非线性光纤光学主要关注光纤内的非线性效应。在光纤中，当光强度足够高时，光与光纤材料之间的相互作用不再是简单的线性关系，而是呈现出复杂的非线性行为。这些非线性效应包括但不限于四波混频(FWM)、克尔效应、拉曼散射等。其中，四波混频是利用两个或多个入射光波之间产生的相互作用，生成新的频率成分；克尔效应则是指光纤介质折射率随光强的变化而变化的现象；而拉曼散射则涉及光波与光纤分子振动模式之间的能量转移。 #### 四、非线性光纤的应用场景非线性光纤广泛应用于现代通信技术中，尤其是在提高通信系统的性能方面。例如，利用非线性效应可以实现超高速数据传输、光孤子通信以及波分复用技术等。此外，新型的非线性光纤还为科学研究提供了新工具，如用于精密测量、生物医学成像等领域的高级应用。 #### 五、《非线性光纤光学》第四版的主要更新第四版《非线性光纤光学》旨在将书籍内容更新至最新状态，确保其作为该领域的权威参考书的地位。该版本将涵盖近年来在非线性光纤领域取得的重要进展，特别是关于新型高度非线性光纤及其在各个领域的应用。通过介绍最新的研究成果和技术进展，该版本将帮助读者更好地理解和掌握非线性光纤光学的前沿知识和技术趋势。《非线性光纤光学》第四版是一本全面介绍了非线性光纤光学领域最新进展的经典教材，不仅适合学术研究人员深入学习，也适用于工程技术人员了解该领域的最新技术和应用。

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Preface

Since the publication of the ﬁrst edition of this book in 1989, the ﬁeld of nonlinear

ﬁber optics has remained an active area of research and has thus continued to grow at

a rapid pace. During the 1990s, a major factor behind such a sustained growth was

the advent of ﬁber ampliﬁers and lasers, made by doping silica ﬁbers with rare-earth

materials such as erbium and ytterbium. Erbium-doped ﬁber ampliﬁers revolutionized

the design of ﬁber-optic communication systems, including those making use of optical

solitons, whose very existence stems from the presence of nonlinear effects in optical

ﬁbers. Optical ampliﬁers permit propagation of lightwave signals over thousands of

kilometers as they can compensate for all losses encountered by the signal in the optical

domain. At the same time, ﬁber ampliﬁers enable the use of massive wavelength-

division multiplexing, a technique that led by 1999 to the development of lightwave

systems with capacities exceeding 1 Tb/s. Nonlinear ﬁber optics plays an important

role in the design of such high-capacity lightwave systems. In fact, an understanding

of various nonlinear effects occurring inside optical ﬁbers is almost a prerequisite for a

lightwave-system designer.

Starting around 2000, a new development occurred in the ﬁeld of nonlinear ﬁber

optics that changed the focus of research and has led to a number of advances and novel

applications in recent years. Several kinds of new ﬁbers, classiﬁed as highly nonlinear

ﬁbers, have been developed. They are referred to with names such as microstructured

ﬁbers, holey ﬁbers, or photonic crystal ﬁbers, and share the common property that a rel-

atively narrow core is surrounded by a cladding containing a large number of air holes.

The nonlinear effects are enhanced dramatically in such ﬁbers to the extent that they

can be observed even when the ﬁber is only a few centimeters long. Their dispersive

properties are also quite different compared with those of conventional ﬁbers devel-

oped for telecommunication applications. Because of these changes, microstructured

ﬁbers exhibit a variety of novel nonlinear effects that are ﬁnding applications in ﬁelds

as diverse as optical coherence tomography and high-precision frequency metrology.

The fourth edition is intended to bring the book up-to-date so that it remains a

unique source of comprehensive coverage on the subject of nonlinear ﬁber optics. It

retains most of the material that appeared in the third edition. However, an attempt was

made to include recent research results on all topics relevant to the ﬁeld of nonlinear

ﬁber optics. Such an ambitious objective has increased the size of the book consid-

erably. Two new chapters, Chapters 11 and 12, have been added to cover the recent

research advances. Chapter 11 describes the properties of highly nonlinear ﬁbers, and

the novel nonlinear effects that have been observed since 2000 in such ﬁbers are cov-

Chapter 1

Introduction

This introductory chapter is intended to provide an overview of the ﬁber characteristics

that are important for understanding the nonlinear effects discussed in later chapters.

Section 1.1 provides a historical perspective on the progress in the ﬁeld of ﬁber optics.

Section 1.2 discusses various ﬁber properties such as optical loss, chromatic disper-

sion, and birefringence. Particular attention is paid to chromatic dispersion because

of its importance in the study of nonlinear effects probed by using ultrashort optical

pulses. Section 1.3 introduces various nonlinear effects resulting from the intensity

dependence of the refractive index and stimulated inelastic scattering. Among the non-

linear effects that have been studied extensively using optical ﬁbers as a nonlinear

medium are self-phase modulation, cross-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, stim-

ulated Raman scattering, and stimulated Brillouin scattering. Each of these effects is

considered in detail in separate chapters. Section 1.4 gives an overview of how this

book is organized for discussing such a wide variety of nonlinear effects in optical

ﬁbers.

1.1 Historical Perspective

Total internal reﬂection—the basic phenomenon responsible for guiding of light in

optical ﬁbers—is known from the nineteenth century. The reader is referred to a 1999

book for the interesting history behind the discovery of this phenomenon [1]. Although

uncladded glass ﬁbers were fabricated in the 1920s [2]–[4], the ﬁeld of ﬁber optics

was not born until the 1950s when the use of a cladding layer led to considerable

improvement in the ﬁber characteristics [5]–[8]. The idea that optical ﬁbers would

beneﬁt from a dielectric cladding was not obvious and has a remarkable history [1].

The ﬁeld of ﬁber optics developed rapidly during the 1960s, mainly for the purpose

of image transmission through a bundle of glass ﬁbers [9]. These early ﬁbers were

extremely lossy (loss >1000 dB/km) from the modern standard. However, the situ-

ation changed drastically in 1970 when, following an earlier suggestion [10], losses

of silica ﬁbers were reduced to below 20 dB/km [11]. Further progress in fabrication

technology [12] resulted by 1979 in a loss of only 0.2 dB/km in the 1.55-μmwave-

2 Chapter 1. Introduction

length region [13], a loss level limited mainly by the fundamental process of Rayleigh

scattering.

The availability of low-loss silica ﬁbers led not only to a revolution in the ﬁeld

of optical ﬁber communications [14]–[17] but also to the advent of the new ﬁeld of

nonlinear ﬁber optics. Stimulated Raman- and Brillouin-scattering processes in optical

ﬁbers were studied as early as 1972 [18]–[20]. This work stimulated the study of other

nonlinear phenomena such as optically induced birefringence, parametric four-wave

mixing, and self-phase modulation [21]–[25]. An important contribution was made

in 1973 when it was suggested that optical ﬁbers can support soliton-like pulses as a

result of an interplay between the dispersive and nonlinear effects [26]. Optical solitons

were observed in a 1980 experiment [27] and led to a number of advances during the

1980s in the generation and control of ultrashort optical pulses [28]–[32]. The decade

of the 1980s also saw the development of pulse-compression and optical-switching

techniques that exploited the nonlinear effects in ﬁbers [33]–[40]. Pulses as short as

6 fs were generated by 1987 [41]. The ﬁrst edition of this book covered the progress

made during the 1980s [42]–[47].

The ﬁeld of nonlinear ﬁber optics continued to grow during the decade of the 1990s.

A new dimension was added when optical ﬁbers were doped with rare-earth elements

and used to make ampliﬁers and lasers. Although ﬁber ampliﬁers were made as early

as 1964 [48], it was only after 1987 that their development accelerated [49]. Erbium-

doped ﬁber ampliﬁers attracted the most attention because they operate in the wave-

length region near 1.55 μm and are thus useful for ﬁber-optic lightwave systems [50].

Their use led to a virtual revolution in the design of multichannel lightwave systems

[14]–[17]. After 2000, two nonlinear effects occurring inside optical ﬁbers, namely

stimulated Raman scattering and four-wave mixing, were employed to develop new

types of ﬁber-optic ampliﬁers. Such ampliﬁers do not require doped ﬁbers and can

operate in any spectral region. Indeed, the use of Raman ampliﬁcation has become

quite common in modern telecommunication systems [51]. Fiber-optic parametric am-

pliﬁers based on four-wave mixing are also attractive because of their potential for

ultrafast signal processing [52].

The advent of ﬁber ampliﬁers also fueled research on optical solitons and led even-

tually to new types of solitons such as dispersion-managed solitons and dissipative

solitons [53]–[56]. In another development, ﬁber gratings, ﬁrst made in 1978 [57],

were developed during the 1990s to the point that they became an integral part of light-

wave technology [58]. Starting in 1996, new types of ﬁbers, known under names such

as photonic crystal ﬁbers, holey ﬁbers, microstructure ﬁbers, and tapered ﬁbers, were

developed [59]–[63]. Structural changes in such ﬁbers affect their dispersive as well

as nonlinear properties. In particular, the wavelength at which the group-velocity dis-

persion vanishes shifts toward the visible region. Some ﬁbers exhibit two such wave-

lengths such that dispersion is anomalous in the visible and near-infrared regions. At

the same time, the nonlinear effects are enhanced considerably because of a relatively

small core size. This combination leads to supercontinuum generation, a phenomenon

in which the optical spectrum of ultrashort pulses is broadened by a factor of more than

200 over a length of only1morless [64]–[66]. With these developments, the ﬁeld of

nonlinear ﬁber optics has grown considerably after 2000 and is expected to continue to

do so in the near future.

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