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Worldwide Occurrence of Organotins from Antifouling Paints and Effects in the Aquatic Environment

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Antifouling Paint Biocides

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5O))

Abstract

Organotins belong to the most toxic pollutants for aquatic life known so far. Widespread contamination of harbors and areas with high shipping activities occurs globally due to the ongoing use of tributyltin (TBT) in antifouling paints on large vessels. In the last decade, organotin pollution has spread to developing countries. Contamination decreased only slowly several years after regulation of antifouling paints in small vessels and remains widespread in sediments and marine biota. TBT degradation in sediment is very slow under anaerobic conditions and remobilization occurs via mixing and dredging. Ecotoxicological effects occur globally in marine gastropods, which are affected by masculinization (imposex) at ng L−1 levels leading to population declines. Present TBT levels in harbors and adjacent areas are still in the range of effect levels. Recently, also androgenic activity of TBT in fish was reported. A large variety of organisms, in particular early life stages, are susceptible to low TBT concentrations of a few 100 ng L−1. Bioaccumulation leads to significant residues in aquatic biota including marine mammals. Despite regulations, ecotoxicologically relevant contamination of marine ecosystems is persisting, particularly in sediments. The recent spread into developing countries indicates that organotin contamination has ongoing ecotoxicological relevance globally.

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Abbreviations

BCF:

bioconcentration factor

DBT:

dibutyltin

DOM:

dissolved organic matter

K p :

distribution ratio between particulate and dissolved fraction

K ow :

n-octanol–water distribution coefficient

pK a :

acidity constant

PVC:

polyvinyl chloride

MBT:

monobutyltin

TBT:

tributyltin

TBT+ :

tributyltin cation

TBTCl:

tributyltin chloride

TBTOH:

tributyltin hydroxide

TPT:

triphenyltin

TPT+ :

triphenyltin cation

TPTCl:

triphenyltin chloride

TPTOH:

triphenyltin hydroxide

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environmental Technology, University of Applied Sciences Basel, St. Jakobs-Strasse 84, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland

    Karl Fent

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland

    Karl Fent

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  1. Karl Fent
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Ioannis K. Konstantinou

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Fent, K. Worldwide Occurrence of Organotins from Antifouling Paints and Effects in the Aquatic Environment. In: Konstantinou, I.K. (eds) Antifouling Paint Biocides. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5O. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/698_5_050

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