Fraud prevention rules

Fraud prevention rules allow you to take action whenever a payment matches certain criteria.

Stripe Radar provides built-in rules to help detect and guard against fraud risk for all Stripe users.

Radar for Fraud Teams users can use the Dashboard to create custom rules based on the unique business logic specific to your business. For example, you can:

• Request 3D Secure (3DS) for all payments that support it and are made by a new customer
• Allow all payments from your call center’s IP address
• Block payments made from a location or card issued outside your country
• Review all payments greater than 1,000 USD that have been made with a prepaid card

Built-in rules

The following rules are available by default for all Radar users.

Machine learning risk checks

Stripe Radar and Stripe Radar for Fraud Teams provide a set of default rules based on the judgments of our machine learning models, which are:

Block if :risk_level: = 'highest'

The rule blocks and won’t process payments with a high risk of fraud. This rule is enabled by default for users of Radar or Radar for Fraud Teams.

Review if :risk_level: = 'elevated'

The default behavior for Stripe Radar for Fraud Teams is to place payments into review that we suspect have an elevated risk of fraud.

Traditional card checks

A payment can still succeed even when the CVC or address (AVS) check fails because issuers evaluate numerous signals when deciding to authorize a payment. A card issuer might still consider a payment that fails CVC or postal code verification legitimate, and therefore approve it.

You can enable Radar’s built-in rules to block certain payments that the card issuer approved. When enabled, these rules also affect attaching a card to a customer, and creating a customer, if you create the card and customer together.

Built-in rules to request 3D Secure

Using 3DS prompts customers to complete an additional authentication step before they can complete the purchase flow. If 3DS authenticates a payment, the liability for any fraud-related disputes for that payment typically shift from the seller to the issuer. This means that in most cases, the seller isn’t responsible for fraud costs on 3DS authenticated payments.

Stripe automatically handles soft decline codes indicating that 3DS is required by issuers. We also trigger 3DS when necessary, adhering to regulations such as the Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) mandated by the PSD2. Disabling Radar doesn’t prevent 3DS from being triggered in cases where it’s necessary.

Stripe provides three default disabled rules you can enable to dynamically request 3DS when using Radar with Payment Intents or Setup Intents:

1. Request 3D Secure if 3D Secure is required for card
   • Disabled by default. Enabling this rule prompts the customer for 3DS authentication if historically the card required 3DS.
   • Stripe automatically handles soft decline codes indicating that 3DS is required by issuers. Furthermore, we also trigger 3DS when necessary, adhering to regulations such as the Strong Customer Authentication mandated by the PSD2.
2. Request 3D Secure if 3D Secure is supported for card
   • Disabled by default but similar to the previous rule. Enabling this rule prompts the customer for 3DS authentication as long as their card supports it.
   • Use this rule instead of the previous one if you want to maximize the number of payments that have liability shift. Be aware that this additional requirement might decrease conversion rates.
3. Request 3D Secure if 3D Secure is recommended for card
   • Disabled by default. Enabling this rule prompts the customer for 3DS authentication when Stripe believes that 3DS authentication can take place with minimal impact on conversion rates.
   • Enable this if you want to maximize the number of payments that have liability shift.

Because 3DS requires your customer to go through an additional layer of authentication, indiscriminate use of 3DS might lower conversion rates. Stripe recommends that you enable default Request 3DS rules only if you need to send all payments from supported cards through 3DS.

Requesting 3DS doesn’t necessarily mean the issuer actually performs 3DS. For more details about possible outcomes, refer to the 3D Secure documentation.

Custom rules to request 3D Secure and act on specific outcomes

After attempting 3DS authentication, if you have Radar for Fraud Teams, you can evaluate the result in allow, block, or review rules.

The most important attributes for custom Radar rules are:

• is_3d_secure which is true if the card is supported, 3DS was attempted by the issuer and the user didn’t fail authentication. We generally recommend using this in block rules.
• is_3d_secure_authenticated which is true if 3DS was attempted by the issuer and the user successfully went through a full authentication. Using this attribute in a block rule excludes legitimate transactions that might have an SCA exemption or don’t fall into a clear failure or successful authentication such as processing errors.
• has_liability_shift which is true if Stripe expects the payment to be covered under the liability shift rule. This might not always be the same as 3DS, for example Apple Pay in certain regions.

For custom rules, we recommend keeping Request 3DS and Block rules aligned depending on your risk appetite. However, don’t block transactions where 3DS isn’t supported, such as some wallets.

Here are some examples that show how to achieve this for different use cases:

Request 3D Secure based on Radar risk level

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all charges based on Radar risk level and above a certain amount.

In this case, without a block rule, cards or wallets that don’t support 3DS aren’t blocked. 3DS attempts with failed authentication don’t continue to charge authorization.

Always require 3D Secure based on Radar risk level

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all charges based on Radar risk level of elevated or high, and above a certain amount. If cards don’t support 3DS, you don’t want to accept them.

Only accept fully 3D Secure authenticated transactions if 3D Secure is supported

You rely on Stripe triggering 3DS when necessary in cases such as Strong Customer Authentication (SCA), but don’t want to accept edge cases such as processing errors.

Request 3D Secure based on Metadata

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all charges with a custom metadata attribute.

In this case, without a block rule, cards or wallets that don’t support 3DS aren’t blocked. 3DS attempts with failed authentication don’t continue to charge authorization.

Always require 3D Secure based on Metadata

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all charges with a custom metadata attribute and block cards that don’t support it.

Request 3D Secure for all new cards and review if 3D Secure wasn’t supported

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all new cards and manually review charges from cards that don’t support 3DS.

In this case, without a block rule, cards or wallets that don’t support 3DS aren’t blocked. 3DS attempts with failed authentication don’t continue to charge authorization.

Always require 3D Secure for certain issuer countries

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all charges from card issuers originating from countries on a custom list and block cards that don’t support it.

Always require 3D Secure based on Radar risk level and review edge cases

You want to use Radar to request 3DS on all charges based on Radar risk level and block cards that don’t support 3DS, but manually review edge cases.

When to create rules

Stripe’s default rules can block a substantial number of fraudulent payments. Businesses that need more control over which payments they want to review, allow, or block can write custom rules through Radar for Fraud Teams.

Consider the following when deciding whether to enable custom rules:

• Whether you see certain features or user behaviors as more risky (for example, use of a disposable email).
• Whether you want to implement rules based on payment amounts or perceived risk level (for example, automatically review if the payment is over 500 USD, automatically allow if the payment is under 5 USD).
• Whether your existing disputed and refunded payments share any common patterns (for example, similar amounts, card types, or countries).
• Whether you have existing rules you want to migrate to Stripe—many of these rules might already be covered by Stripe’s machine learning models, and you can check how our system performs for your business before customizing it.

How to create effective rules

While rules can help you automate your existing workflows, they can also negatively affect your business if used incorrectly. For example, a rule can automatically allow a large number of payments that are fraudulent or block a large number of legitimate payments if it’s not set up properly.

Keep the following in mind while setting up rules:

• Rules only apply to future payments and don’t apply to any that you’ve already processed.
• Request 3DS rules only apply when using Stripe Checkout, Payment Intents, or Setup Intents, and are evaluated before review, block, and allow rules.
• Before implementing any block rule to block all payments that meet its criteria, consider whether you’d rather review such payments first.
• Implement allow rules minimally, because they override Stripe’s default rules along with any other custom rules that match the same criteria.
• You can create a maximum of 200 rules across all rule types per account.

Construct rules

You can add and manage rules from the Rules tab of the Radar page in the Dashboard.

To add a new rule:

1. Click + Add rule.
2. Choose the type rule type from the sub-menu.
3. In the rule editor, construct a rule using the syntax {action} if {attribute} {operator} {value} where:
   • {action}: How Radar responds when the rule criteria is met. This value is pre-populated based on the rule type selection you chose.
   • {attribute}: The element of the transaction to evaluate, such as the amount or card type. Begin typing with : to open a list of valid attributes. You can also evaluate your custom metadata by enclosing it in double colons, for example, ::product_sku::.
   • {operator}: How to compare the attribute to the value, such as =, >, !=, and so on.
   • {value}: The value of the attribute to evaluate.
4. Click Test rule.
5. Correct any detected validation errors, if necessary.
6. On the Review new rule page, review how this rule performs against your recent transactions to confirm whether you want to enable it.
7. Click Add rule to begin applying this rule to all future transactions.

Use Radar Assistant

Stripe’s rule editor has a built-in LLM assistant that constructs a Radar rule from a natural language prompt.

To use Radar Assistant:

1. From the Rules tab of the Radar page in the Dashboard, click + Add rule.
2. Choose rule type from the sub-menu.
3. In the rule editor, click Radar Assistant.

Manual rule writing

Radar Assistant

1. In the message field, enter your rule request. You might ask to:
   • Review payments where the card and IP countries are different.
   • Block Discover card payments of more than $1000.
   • Allow payments from stripe.com email addresses.
2. When the Assistant returns its suggestion, you can either enter an additional command to make adjustments to the rule or you can click Test rule to see how the rule performs against your recent transaction history.
3. When you’re satisfied with the rule, click Add rule to enable it for all future transactions.

Training data consent: By using Radar Assistant you agree that Stripe can log and use your chat entries to train and improve the Radar Assistant capabilities. If you don’t want to have your chat entries used for this purpose, write rules manually.

Learn more about Stripe AI services.

Review rules

Stripe still processes payments normally when they meet a review rule’s criteria. But we place them into your review queue so your team can look at them more closely. Setting up a rule that’s too broad can result in too many payments being placed into your review queue, slowing down your customers and burdening your review team.

Stripe’s rule testing interface runs a simulation on the last 6 months of charges to determine how many legitimate, fraudulent, and blocked payments would have been affected by the rule, had it been implemented. While testing a rule and examining the last 6 months, make sure that:

• Overall volume of payments is low. Reviewing these payments shouldn’t create a burden to your team.
• Human reviewers add value. A human reviewer can generally identify if a payment was fraudulent with greater confidence than the automated system.
• The rule results in a mix of successful and refunded or disputed payments. This means that additional inspection on these types of payments can help separate legitimate payments from those that are fraudulent.

The following is an example of how to improve a review rule created by a business that wants to review pre-paid credit cards.

Block rules

You can use block rules to block payments that you’re confident are fraudulent, or based on any restrictions your business has in place (such as blocking payments from prepaid cards). If you’re not sure how to apply block rules, we recommend placing payments in review using a review rule. After spending some time reviewing these payments for potential false positives, you can confirm whether you want to create a block rule instead.

Block rules only impact fraudulent and successful payments, because already-blocked payments are unaffected. While testing a rule, make sure that you:

• Keep false positives as low as possible. During testing, Stripe identifies the number of successful and disputed payments that would’ve been matched by the rule. A good block rule results in significantly more fraudulent payments blocked than legitimate payments.
• Minimize unnecessary rules. If your rule appears to perform very well but is already covered by an existing rule, your newer rule might not be necessary. Similarly, if the results during testing appear to be mixed, consider setting up a review rule instead so you can gather more information about those types of payments.

The following is an example of how to improve a block rule created by a business that’s suffering from a high level of fraud from payments outside the US:

Allow rules

Allow rules override all of your other rules, so use them with caution. Many businesses might not need to implement allow rules. If you have concerns that an allow rule could let through even a small number of fraudulent payments, consider adjustments to further restrict these rules before implementing them.

Allow rules apply to all new payments as soon as you create the rule. This includes any payments that are similar to previously blocked payments. While testing a rule, make sure that you:

• Examine the number of previously blocked payments that would have been allowed. Allow rules override all other rules and Stripe’s risk assessment. When testing a new allow rule, all of the payments shown would have been allowed if this rule were active. This can include payments that had been blocked or disputed, impacting your future dispute rates.
• Continue to block any high-risk payments. You can do this by adding the following to any allow rule: and :risk_level: != 'highest'
• Evaluate a history of legitimate transactions at your business. You can analyze connections between your own customers to allow a higher volume of transactions based on a history of legitimate purchases. This helps you block fewer payments from customers that have a proven history at your business. To do this, review the attributes list and look for attributes that include the word “customer.”

The following is an example of how to improve an allow rule for a business that generally (but not always) sees good payments coming from customers in the United Kingdom:

Maintaining your rules

As your business continues to grow, you want to be sure that your rules continue to reflect the types of customers that you want to do business with. The following are some best practices to keep rules current for the state of your business.

Regularly monitor rules to ensure they’re still effective

Rule metrics

Fraud patterns constantly change, so we provide metrics to show how these rules are performing. These metrics vary depending on the type of rule, because the rule types perform different actions.

Use the rule performance chart to understand the behavior of your Radar rules. Look for unexpected spikes or declines in the number of payments matching your rules, such as allow rules letting too many payments through or block rules blocking too many. These spikes may indicate a change in the types of payments your business is receiving or that might warrant updates to the rules themselves. Updates made to rules are displayed as triangles on the graph and can help you compare the impact of the change before and after you make it.

Color-coded lines track the number of payments that match 3DS rules, allow rules, block rules, and review rules. Triangular symbols on these graph lines represent updates to rules of the corresponding type.

You can find information about the effectiveness of your rules and see how many payments each one has taken action against. You can also view and download a filtered list of every payment that a rule has been applied to. Evaluate this information to help you decide if you need to make changes to any rules or remove them entirely.

To view additional commands, click the overflow menu () menu. Additional commands include: Disable, Enable, Edit or Delete for any rule.

You can also use our reporting products Sigma and Data Pipelines to query disputes and fraud data, including rule decisions and attributes for each individual payment.

Evaluate rule effectiveness

You can find information about the effectiveness of your rules and see how many payments each one has affected. You can also view and download a filtered list of every payment that a rule has been applied to. Review the sample questions in the following table to help you decide if you need to make changes to any rules or remove them entirely.

Request 3DS rules

For request 3DS rules, we display:

• 3DS Requested—the number of times a rule triggered a 3DS request.

Click a 3DS rule to see the following metrics:

Allow rules

For allow rules, Radar for Fraud Teams users can view:

• Allowed payments—The total number of payments allowed by your rules.
• Volume, allowed payments—The total amount, in your local currency, associated with payments allowed by your rules.
• Risk score—The corresponding risk outcomes assigned by Stripe machine learning models to the set of payments allowed by your rules.
• Disputes from overrides—The total number of allowed payments that were disputed.
• Volume, disputes from overrides—The total amount, in your local currency, associated with disputes from allowed payments.

Click an Allow rule to see the following metrics:

Block rules

For block rules, we display:

• Blocked payments—The total number of payments blocked by your rules.
• Volume, blocked payments—The total amount, in your local currency, associated with payments blocked by your rules.

Radar for Fraud Teams users can also view:

• Risk score—The corresponding risk outcomes assigned by Stripe machine learning models to the set of payments allowed by your rules.
• Est. false positive rate—The estimated percentage of non-fraudulent payments that were blocked for both your block rules as a set and by individual rules. (These estimates are made using the estimated false positive rates of the corresponding machine learning risk scores, which we calculate with experiments across the Stripe network.)
• Est. fraudulent payments prevented—The estimated number of fraudulent payments that your block rules prevented. Stripe uses machine learning risk scores, calculated by analyzing millions of transactions across the Stripe network, to predict payments with a high probability of being disputed or declined due to fraud and estimate which of those payments were successfully blocked by your rules.

Click a Block rule to see the following metrics:

Review rules

For review rules, Radar for Fraud Teams users can view:

• Payments sent to review—The total number of payments that were sent to manual review by your rules.
• Volume, approved reviews—The total amount, in your local currency, associated with approved payment reviews.
• Refund rate—The percentage of reviews that were refunded.
• Disputes from approved reviews—The total number of payments that were approved in your review, but were ultimately disputed.
• Volume, disputes from approved reviews—The total amount, in your local currency, associated with disputes from approved payment reviews.

Click a Review rule to see the following metrics:

Regularly monitor your manual review queue

If your review queue is getting too large to manage, check to see if you have the right rules in place. If most reviews end up being refunded as fraudulent, consider some additional rules to block payments. Likewise, if most payments are approved, consider making your review rules more focused.

Analyze your disputed and refunded payments

Disputes are inherently linked to fraud, so the more you do to reduce fraud, the lower your dispute rate. Check to see if disputed payments share any similar characteristics (for example, from the same locations or of similar amounts). You can also perform this type of investigation by looking at payments that have been refunded during a review. If you see trends, you can test and create the appropriate rules. If any payments appear to be fraudulent, refund and report them as fraud to avoid potential disputes.

You can also use our reporting products, Sigma and Data Pipeline, to query disputes and fraud data.

You can respond to any incoming disputes using the Dashboard or through the API, and our dispute documentation includes some suggestions on how to present a well documented case.

Anticipate large changes to your business that might impact your fraud rate

If you’re planning any major product releases or changes to your service (for example, a new, high-value product or expanding your service into new countries), you might want to monitor these payments in the beginning. For these kinds of changes, it’s a good practice to set up some review rules so you can examine any new payments. Reviewing these payments and identifying patterns can help you set up new rules to protect your business from fraud.