北京航空航天大学考博英语-3
(总分80, 做题时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice.
 
Passage 1

    Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星)now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.
    Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星)that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.
    Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.
    Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.
    Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are : 1) How likely the event is ; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple. "
    The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New York Times article.
1. 
What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?
  • A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition. 
  • B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature. 
  • C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids. 
  • D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.
A  B  C  D  
2. 
What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?
  • A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists. 
  • B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years. 
  • C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected. 
  • D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.
A  B  C  D  
3. 
What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?
  • A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem. 
  • B. It may create more problems than it might solve. 
  • C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely. 
  • D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.
A  B  C  D  
4. 
We can conclude from the passage that ______.
  • A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the world 
  • B. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near future 
  • C. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetime 
  • D. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.
A  B  C  D  
5. 
Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?
  • A. Optimistic.     
  • B. Critical.           
  • C. Objective.         
  • D. Arbitrary.
A  B  C  D  
 
Passage 2

    Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.
    Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.
    Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.
    Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.
    Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.
6. 
The passage mainly discusses ______.
  • A. a new way of highway speed control       
  • B. a new pattern for painting highways 
  • C. a new approach to training drivers         
  • D. a new type of optical illusion
A  B  C  D  
7. 
On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that ______.
  • A. they should avoid speed-related hazards     
  • B. they are driving in the wrong lane 
  • C. they should slow down their speed         
  • D. they are approaching the speed limit
A  B  C  D  
8. 
The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former ______.
  • A. can keep drivers awake                   
  • B. can cut road accidents in half 
  • C. will have a longer effect on drivers         
  • D. will look more attractive
A  B  C  D  
9. 
The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to ______.
  • A. try out the Japanese method in certain areas 
  • B. change the road signs across the country 
  • C. replace straight, horizontal bars with chevrons
  • D. repeat the Japanese road patterns
A  B  C  D  
10. 
What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?
  • A. They are falling out of use in the United States. 
  • B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time. 
  • C. They are applicable only on broad roads. 
  • D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.
A  B  C  D  
 
Passage 3

    There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.
    The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion).
    The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.
    The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.
    The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.
11. 
The best title for this passage could be ______.
  • A. Types of Research Reports               
  • B. Types of Journal Articles 
  • C. Writing of research Reports               
  • D. Writing of Different Articles
A  B  C  D  
12. 
The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in that ______.
  • A. they are all for the practitioners           
  • B. they are all to be read by researchers 
  • C. they are all for being published           
  • D. they are all forms of reporting research
A  B  C  D  
13. 
We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly through ______.
  • A. their writing style and length             
  • B. their aims and possible audiences 
  • C. their presented places and time           
  • D. their content and purposes
A  B  C  D  
14. 
Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?
  • A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way. 
  • B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages. 
  • C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers. 
  • D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.
A  B  C  D  
15. 
How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?
  • A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion. 
  • B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research. 
  • C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc. 
  • D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.
A  B  C  D  
 
Passage 4

    In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.
    By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join and many books and magazines to read about running.
    The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.
    Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.
    Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.
16. 
In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies because ______.
  • A. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimes 
  • B. they have a strong desire to be more physically fit 
  • C. there are many running clubs to join 
  • D. there are many books and magazines to read about running
A  B  C  D  
17. 
The passage implies that ______ is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.
  • A. jogging/running                         
  • B. joining running clubs 
  • C. reading books and magazines about running 
  • D. going in for all kinds of sports
A  B  C  D  
18. 
Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacks ______.
  • A. are compulsive joggers 
  • B. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/running 
  • C. are interested in taking more physical exercise 
  • D. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes
A  B  C  D  
19. 
In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" means ______.
  • A. involving physical work                 
  • B. needing much sitting 
  • C. energy-consuming                       
  • D. sleep-producing
A  B  C  D  
20. 
According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?
  • A. Yes.           
  • B. No.               
  • C. Somebody can tell.   
  • D. It is hard to tell.
A  B  C  D  
Part Ⅲ  Vocabulary
   Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices.
1. 
Not until the game had begun ______ at the sports ground.
  • A. should he have arrived                   
  • B. had he arrived 
  • C. did he arrive                           
  • D. would he had arrived
A  B  C  D  
2. 
Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one ______ the proposal.
  • A. they did not discuss                     
  • B. did they discuss 
  • C. do they discuss                         
  • D. would they discuss
A  B  C  D  
3. 
The molecules of gases move more freely than ______.
  • A. do liquids and solids                     
  • B. liquids and solids do 
  • C. do those of liquids and solids             
  • D. those do of liquids and solids
A  B  C  D  
4. 
The taller the container, ______ at the bottom.
  • A. the greater will the water pressure be       
  • B. the water pressure will be greater 
  • C. the greater will be the water pressure       
  • D. greater the water pressure will be
A  B  C  D  
5. 
______ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.
  • A. Jumped down the burglar                 
  • B. Down the burglar jumped 
  • C. The burglar jumped down                 
  • D. Down jumped the burglar
A  B  C  D  
6. 
To the north of the city ______ a small island.
  • A. lain           
  • B. lies               
  • C. was there           
  • D. there lays
A  B  C  D  
7. 
______ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.
  • A. That was from Stephen                   
  • B. It was Stephen whom 
  • C. It was from Stephen that                 
  • D. It was Stephen that
A  B  C  D  
8. 
Was it ______ the professor regarded with such contempt?
  • A. them who       
  • B. them whom         
  • C. he who             
  • D. those
A  B  C  D  
9. 
______ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.
  • A. It was not until the 12th century when     
  • B. Hardly it was the 12th century than 
  • C. No sooner it was the 12th century when   
  • D. It was not until the 12th century that
A  B  C  D  
10. 
When I try to understand ______ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.
  • A. why it does     
  • B. what it does       
  • C. what it is           
  • D. why it is
A  B  C  D  
11. 
More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, ______ the populace.
  • A. who appeal to   
  • B. to whom appeal to   
  • C. whom appeals to   
  • D. who appeals to
A  B  C  D  
12. 
On the large board in the main hall of the airport, you can easily find the different Destinations ______ which airlines can take you.
  • A. in             
  • B. of               
  • C. to               
  • D. by
A  B  C  D  
13. 
Not until actually faced with water scarcity ______ appreciate the value of water to a region.
  • A. one can         
  • B. one can not         
  • C. can one           
  • D. can not one
A  B  C  D  
14. 
Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is ______ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.
  • A. what           
  • B. why               
  • C. how               
  • D. who
A  B  C  D  
15. 
Without water from the Nile River, Egypt ______ a fanning country and become a desert.
  • A. will cease to be                           
  • B. would cease to be 
  • C. will cease being                         
  • D. would cease being
A  B  C  D  
16. 
Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that ______ what I said.
  • A. it was something in                     
  • B. there was something as 
  • C. it was something as                       
  • D. there was something in
A  B  C  D  
17. 
There is little, ______ , farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.
  • A. if so           
  • B. if such             
  • C. if not             
  • D. if any
A  B  C  D  
18. 
In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences ______ that of their families.
  • A. rather than     
  • B. other than         
  • C. except for         
  • D. but for
A  B  C  D  
19. 
The singer on the stage has a young ______ face and a voice of an ______.
  • A. boy…angel     
  • B. boy's…angel       
  • C. boy…angel's       
  • D. boy's…angel's
A  B  C  D  
20. 
A new material ______ , we have good reason to be optimistic.
  • A. developed       
  • B. being developed     
  • C. was being developed 
  • D. was developed
A  B  C  D  
Part Ⅳ Cloze
Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
  What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images   61  a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that   62  but the whole corporate   63  of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content   64  produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to   65  itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately   66  .
    Logos are part of this image. They are   67  which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a   68  identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and   69  the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors   70  different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with   71  in another: some colors represent   72  in one culture but death in another. International companies have,   73  , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.
    Many companies have, over the years,   74  their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can   75  loyalty by   76  the instinct. Some logos   77  an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and   78  as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising   79  .
    Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image and to fix it in the minds of the   80  . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.
1. 
  • A. attribute         
  • B. contribute           
  • C. devote             
  • D. attract
A  B  C  D  
2. 
  • A. concerns         
  • B. involves           
  • C. counts             
  • D. means
A  B  C  D  
3. 
  • A. features         
  • B. quality             
  • C. identity             
  • D. status
A  B  C  D  
4. 
  • A. instead         
  • B. and               
  • C. though             
  • D. as
A  B  C  D  
5. 
  • A. exist           
  • B. isolate             
  • C. hold             
  • D. distinguish
A  B  C  D  
6. 
  • A. observable       
  • B. differentiable       
  • C. recognizable       
  • D. accountable
A  B  C  D  
7. 
  • A. symbols         
  • B. signs               
  • C. signals             
  • D. indications
A  B  C  D  
8. 
  • A. visible         
  • B. visual             
  • C. brief               
  • D. explicit
A  B  C  D  
9. 
  • A. in             
  • B. throughout         
  • C. for                 
  • D. between
A  B  C  D  
10. 
  • A. contain         
  • B. carry               
  • C. predominate         
  • D. convey
A  B  C  D  
11. 
  • A. mildness         
  • B. consolation         
  • C. affection           
  • D. warmth
A  B  C  D  
12. 
  • A. life             
  • B. love               
  • C. live               
  • D. alive
A  B  C  D  
13. 
  • A. otherwise       
  • B. still               
  • C. therefore           
  • D. additionally
A  B  C  D  
14. 
  • A. continued       
  • B. kept               
  • C. changed           
  • D. refreshed
A  B  C  D  
15. 
  • A. promote         
  • B. inspire             
  • C. prompt             
  • D. stir
A  B  C  D  
16. 
  • A. regarding       
  • B. impressing         
  • C. influencing         
  • D. effecting
A  B  C  D  
17. 
  • A. combine         
  • B. collaborate         
  • C. incorporate         
  • D. blend
A  B  C  D  
18. 
  • A. covers           
  • B. brochures           
  • C. contents           
  • D. volumes
A  B  C  D  
19. 
  • A. movement       
  • B. plan               
  • C. campaign           
  • D. function
A  B  C  D  
20. 
  • A. consumers       
  • B. employers         
  • C. reporters           
  • D. manufacturers
A  B  C  D  
Part Ⅴ Translation
   Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese.
1. 
The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of "humanity". Otherwise. war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or almost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists'investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C. , there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.
    In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all: in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.
Part Ⅵ Writing
   Directions:
   A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.
   B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.
1. 
Outline:
    1. Interpret the graph.
    2. Suggest counter-measures.
    3. Give advice for job seekers.