考博英语-44
(总分66, 做题时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension
(略)
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: There are. five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C or D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
For farmers hoping for a healthy harvest, the best place to turn for help these days is the Monsanto Corp. One of the world's leading biotechnology companies and lately a pioneer in genetically engineered seeds--Monsanto has been incorporating flashy traits like herbicide and pest resistance into everything from canola to corn. But such super crops don't come cheap. Farmers pay a premium for Monsanto seeds, and to make sure they keep paying, the company requires them to sign an agreement promising not to plant seeds their crops produce. If farmers want the same bountiful harvest next year, they must return to the company for a new load of seeds.
While this arrangement makes sense for Monsanto, it works only if farmers honor it--something that's difficult to police in the U. S. and almost impossible in the developing world. Now, however, Monsanto hopes to enforce biologically what it cannot enforce contractually. With the help of clever genes currently in development, future Monsanto crops may be designed with a new feature in mind: sterility (不育). No sooner will the company's plants mature than the seeds they carry, will lose the ability to reproduce.
From Monsanto's point of view, the set of new genes--which others have nicknamed Terminator--is a perfectly legitimate way to protect their intellectual-property rights. Not everybody agrees.
Let the new science take hold, opponents ware darkly, and farmers could find themselves coming to Monsanto, seed cup in hand, paying whatever the company demands before they can plant that season's crop. Worse still, some doomsday stories suggest, pollen (花粉)from Terminator plants could drift with the wind like a toxic cloud, cross with ordinary crops or wild plants, and spread from species to species until flora all around the world had been suddenly and irreversibly sterilized.
No serious scientist thinks anything so disastrous will come to pass. For Monsanto, however, with a technology in its pocket and a fight on its hands, the situation is about as grim as it can get- at least in terms of public relations. "From a marketing perspective, it's pathological (病态的).
This is a question of who controls the seeds of life."
(略)
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: There are. five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C or D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
For farmers hoping for a healthy harvest, the best place to turn for help these days is the Monsanto Corp. One of the world's leading biotechnology companies and lately a pioneer in genetically engineered seeds--Monsanto has been incorporating flashy traits like herbicide and pest resistance into everything from canola to corn. But such super crops don't come cheap. Farmers pay a premium for Monsanto seeds, and to make sure they keep paying, the company requires them to sign an agreement promising not to plant seeds their crops produce. If farmers want the same bountiful harvest next year, they must return to the company for a new load of seeds.
While this arrangement makes sense for Monsanto, it works only if farmers honor it--something that's difficult to police in the U. S. and almost impossible in the developing world. Now, however, Monsanto hopes to enforce biologically what it cannot enforce contractually. With the help of clever genes currently in development, future Monsanto crops may be designed with a new feature in mind: sterility (不育). No sooner will the company's plants mature than the seeds they carry, will lose the ability to reproduce.
From Monsanto's point of view, the set of new genes--which others have nicknamed Terminator--is a perfectly legitimate way to protect their intellectual-property rights. Not everybody agrees.
Let the new science take hold, opponents ware darkly, and farmers could find themselves coming to Monsanto, seed cup in hand, paying whatever the company demands before they can plant that season's crop. Worse still, some doomsday stories suggest, pollen (花粉)from Terminator plants could drift with the wind like a toxic cloud, cross with ordinary crops or wild plants, and spread from species to species until flora all around the world had been suddenly and irreversibly sterilized.
No serious scientist thinks anything so disastrous will come to pass. For Monsanto, however, with a technology in its pocket and a fight on its hands, the situation is about as grim as it can get- at least in terms of public relations. "From a marketing perspective, it's pathological (病态的).
This is a question of who controls the seeds of life."
1.According to the opponents, Terminator will do all the following EXCEPT that ______.
A Terminator will result in raising the seed price
B Terminator will make corns not mature to bear seeds
C Terminator will contaminate ordinary crops
D Terminator will not be poisonous to other plants
2.What's the tone of the author towards "Terminator''?
A Objective.
B Mildly critical.
C Indifferent.
D Pessimistic.
3.According to Monsanto, the invention of Terminator will NOT ______.
A stop illegal replanting of seeds in the developing countries
B protect their intellectual-property fights
C biologically carry out the agreements with the farmers
D make all plants sterilized
4.Before Terminator, farmers ______.
A are required to buy new load of seeds every year
B axe often caught by the police replanting the seeds
C can replant the seeds under the permission from Monsanto
D obey the agreements signed with Monsanto
5.The best title for the passage will be ______.
A The Suicide Seeds
B Monsanto--Leading Biotech Company
C Sterility in Biology
D Against New Science
Passage 2
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some longer wave- length, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in car- bon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature7 Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of - 18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilo-meters above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth's surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and temperature of the surface must rise.
One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere's relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth's surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth's reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed leading to further increase in temperature.
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some longer wave- length, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in car- bon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature7 Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of - 18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilo-meters above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth's surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and temperature of the surface must rise.
One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere's relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth's surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth's reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed leading to further increase in temperature.
6.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE of the last hundred years?
A Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.
B The average temperature at the Earth's surface has become 2℃ cooler.
C The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
D The amount of farmland worldwide has doubled.
7.The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.
A discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
B warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels
C explain how a constant temperature is maintained in the Earth's surface
D demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range climatic change
8.It can be concluded from information contained in the text that the average temperature at an altitude of I kilometer above the Earth is about ______.
A 15℃
B -18℃
C 2.5℃
D 9℃
9.According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is ______.
A reflected back to space by snow and ice
B concentrated at visible wavelengths
C absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules
D absorbed by atmospheric water vapor
10.Which of the following best describes the author's attitude toward the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?
A Objective yet concerned.
B Angry yet resigned.
C Completely detached.
D Incredulous.
Passage 3
Our species evolved on the move. Recent research on the effects of exercise and the consequences of sedentary living has shown that physical activity is crucial to the proper processing of foods that we eat. In fact, most of the chronic and often life-threatening ailments that besiege Americans in epidemic proportions could be tempered by regular exercise. Among them are heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, and osteoporosis. But let's face it: most people are not motivated to exercise by what it may do for them 20 years down the pike. What gets people like me out moving every day is what exercise does for me right now, especially how it allows me to enjoy eating without gaining. I, along with millions of Americans, have discovered that exercise is the key to permanent and painless weight control.
After hearing a description of my usual daily exercise schedule--a morning run or bike ride and an evening swim, sometimes with an hour of tennis in between-some people remark, "Wouldn't it be a lot easier to eat one less bagel a day and skip all that exercise?" My answer is, "Easier, yes, but not nearly as effective nor as much fun." Here's why exercise, not dieting, is best route to a leaner, lighter you.
Far better for your health and, your future to lose primarily fat is in the first place. The only way to do that is through exercise, which uses body fat as its main source of energy. You may not see that initial rapid (but false) weight loss, but what you lose will be what you want to lose--fat, not muscle or water. Your loss will be permanent, too. If it' s any consolation (安慰), studies have shown that in most cases, the faster people lose weight, the more likely they are to regain it. Slow loss, then, is the secret to lasting success.
If you want to lose weight faster than you can with just exercise, simply combine exercise with a reduced-calorie diet. Researchers at the University of California, Davis, showed that exercise could counter the metabolism-lowering effect of a low-calorie diet in many people, it also seems to curb the adverse caloric effect of aging on body metabolism. Whereas ordinarily your metabolism would slow down as you get older (which is one reason people get fatter in middle age even though they don't eat more), if you continue to exercise regularly, you may keep your youthful, metabolic rate by maintaining a muscular body instead of losing muscle and putting on pounds of fat.
Our species evolved on the move. Recent research on the effects of exercise and the consequences of sedentary living has shown that physical activity is crucial to the proper processing of foods that we eat. In fact, most of the chronic and often life-threatening ailments that besiege Americans in epidemic proportions could be tempered by regular exercise. Among them are heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, and osteoporosis. But let's face it: most people are not motivated to exercise by what it may do for them 20 years down the pike. What gets people like me out moving every day is what exercise does for me right now, especially how it allows me to enjoy eating without gaining. I, along with millions of Americans, have discovered that exercise is the key to permanent and painless weight control.
After hearing a description of my usual daily exercise schedule--a morning run or bike ride and an evening swim, sometimes with an hour of tennis in between-some people remark, "Wouldn't it be a lot easier to eat one less bagel a day and skip all that exercise?" My answer is, "Easier, yes, but not nearly as effective nor as much fun." Here's why exercise, not dieting, is best route to a leaner, lighter you.
Far better for your health and, your future to lose primarily fat is in the first place. The only way to do that is through exercise, which uses body fat as its main source of energy. You may not see that initial rapid (but false) weight loss, but what you lose will be what you want to lose--fat, not muscle or water. Your loss will be permanent, too. If it' s any consolation (安慰), studies have shown that in most cases, the faster people lose weight, the more likely they are to regain it. Slow loss, then, is the secret to lasting success.
If you want to lose weight faster than you can with just exercise, simply combine exercise with a reduced-calorie diet. Researchers at the University of California, Davis, showed that exercise could counter the metabolism-lowering effect of a low-calorie diet in many people, it also seems to curb the adverse caloric effect of aging on body metabolism. Whereas ordinarily your metabolism would slow down as you get older (which is one reason people get fatter in middle age even though they don't eat more), if you continue to exercise regularly, you may keep your youthful, metabolic rate by maintaining a muscular body instead of losing muscle and putting on pounds of fat.
11.Which of the following statements about weight control is NOT TRUE?
A The exercise is the secret to permanent and successful weight control.
B Combining exercises with a reduced-calorie diet makes it easier to lose weight.
C Healthy weight control means losing primarily fat, not muscle or water.
D Eat less and skip the exercise is an easy and effective way of losing weight.
12.Most middle-aged people get fatter, mainly because ______.
A they made dietary changes when they grow old
B of their sedentary living
C they don't exercise regularly
D the chemical activity in their body that uses the food to produce energy slows down
13.What can be inferred from the passage?
A The slower people lose weight, the less likely they are to achieve their goals.
B People who are on diet merely lose muscle and water.
C Regular exercises may reduce the chance of getting certain chronic diseases.
D Physical activity use muscle tissue as its main source of energy.
14.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A Eating Without Gaining.
B Exercise--An Effective Weight-loss Tool.
C Metabolic Changes in Human Body.
D Ways of Weight Control.
15.The passage is mainly about ______.
A how to keep fit
B how to lose weight
C the benefits brought about by regular exercises
D exercises and diet
Passage 4
Researchers have recently found a connection between disease and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.
The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. There- fore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.
Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune sys- tem function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.
Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness, for example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.
In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psycho- logical stress, such as a loved one's death, may damage an important part of our immune system.
There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.
Researchers have recently found a connection between disease and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.
The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. There- fore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.
Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune sys- tem function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.
Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness, for example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.
In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psycho- logical stress, such as a loved one's death, may damage an important part of our immune system.
There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.
16.In the past, many doctors ______.
A never thought of any possible link between stress and illness
B hardly considered emotional factors when dealing with a patient
C discovered that the brain and the immune system functioned independently
D found that diseases were caused by psychological factors
17.The immune system ______.
A used to be unconnected with the brain
B causes a lot of stress to people
C can be affected by emotional factors
D functions independently
18.Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A Unhappiness may cause disease.
B Drinking alcohol may cause damage to the immune system.
C too much sorrow is harmful to the immune system.
D Psychological stress leads naturally to the damage of the immune system.
19.The text mainly supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
A Can the immune system be affected by emotional factors?
B Why can our bodies fight the bacteria and viruses which cause diseases?
C How can the immune system be affected by emotional factors?
D Why can't blood cells in bereaved people's bodies work properly?
20.The study on the military school students indicated that ______.
A life in the school was very stressful
B disease could be caused by psychological factors
C the good students were likely to fall ill
D stress often made students unhappy
Passage 5
Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth a pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instance it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research
it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical importance. For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon (原生动物) in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of man or domestic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought.
There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery (势利) and tendency to look disdainfully on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because is re- quires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both theses ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequents, arisen from applied investigations. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most fields have already been well worked over and many of the easy and obvious things shave been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existing knowledge is attempted. There is need for both pure and applied re- search for they tend to be complementary.
Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth a pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instance it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research
it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical importance. For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon (原生动物) in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of man or domestic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought.
There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery (势利) and tendency to look disdainfully on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because is re- quires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both theses ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequents, arisen from applied investigations. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most fields have already been well worked over and many of the easy and obvious things shave been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existing knowledge is attempted. There is need for both pure and applied re- search for they tend to be complementary.
21.Some people look down on applied research because they think that ______.
A it is a kind of prearranged investigation
B no new knowledge can arise from applied research
C it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research
D no specific scientific ability is needed in applied research.
22.It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A pure research and applied research are equally difficult
B applied investigation requires greater scientific ability
C applied research is not inferior to pure research
D in both pure research any applied research any scientific knowledge is worth seeking
23.According to the author, ______.
A the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon is undoubtedly pure research
B pure scientists tend to look down upon applied investigation
C the discover of X-rays was made in applied research
D the classification of research into "pure" and "applied" is neither accurate nor impersonal
24.Which of the following most accurately describes the pattern of the passage?
A The author first refutes the classification of research into the pure and the applied and then analyze the reasons for the intellectual snobbery and tendency to look down on the one of the two.
B The author first refutes the classification of research into the pure and the applied and then presents his own classification.
C The author first refutes the classification of research into the pure and the applied and then points out that the classification results from two false ideas.
D The author first points out the practical importance of applied research and then criticizes those who look down on applied research.
25.In applied investigation, ______.
A research workers are allowed to follow unexpected, interesting clues
B scientists make a discovery first, and then try to use it
C it is the man who is given support
D results of practical value are to be achieved
Section B
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer tile questions or complete tile statements in the fewest possible words.
Would-be language teachers everywhere have one thing in common: they all want some recognition of their professional status and skills, and a job. The former requirement is obviously important on a personal level, but it is vital if you are to have any chance of finding work.
Ten years ago, the situation was very different. In virtually, every developing country, and in many developed countries as well, being a native English speaker was enough to get you employed as an English teacher.
Now employers will only look at teachers who have the knowledge, the skills and attitudes to teach English effectively. The result of this has been to raise non-native English teachers to the same status as their native counterparts--something they have always deserved but seldom enjoyed. Non- natives are now happy-linguistic discrimination is a thing of the past.
An ongoing research project, funded by the University of Cambridge, asked a sample of teachers, teacher educators and employers in more than 40 countries whether they regard the native/non- native speakers distinction as being at all important. "NO" was the answer. As long as candidates could teach and had the required level of English, it didn't matter who they were and where they came from. Thus a new form of discrimination this time justified because it singled out the unqualified-liberated the linguistically oppressed. But the Cambridge project did more than just that, it con- firmed that the needs of native and non-native teachers are extremely similar.
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer tile questions or complete tile statements in the fewest possible words.
Would-be language teachers everywhere have one thing in common: they all want some recognition of their professional status and skills, and a job. The former requirement is obviously important on a personal level, but it is vital if you are to have any chance of finding work.
Ten years ago, the situation was very different. In virtually, every developing country, and in many developed countries as well, being a native English speaker was enough to get you employed as an English teacher.
Now employers will only look at teachers who have the knowledge, the skills and attitudes to teach English effectively. The result of this has been to raise non-native English teachers to the same status as their native counterparts--something they have always deserved but seldom enjoyed. Non- natives are now happy-linguistic discrimination is a thing of the past.
An ongoing research project, funded by the University of Cambridge, asked a sample of teachers, teacher educators and employers in more than 40 countries whether they regard the native/non- native speakers distinction as being at all important. "NO" was the answer. As long as candidates could teach and had the required level of English, it didn't matter who they were and where they came from. Thus a new form of discrimination this time justified because it singled out the unqualified-liberated the linguistically oppressed. But the Cambridge project did more than just that, it con- firmed that the needs of native and non-native teachers are extremely similar.
26.The selection of English teachers used to be mainly based on ______.
27.What did non-native English teacher deserve but seldom enjoy?
28.What kind of people is now more likely to find a job as an English teacher?
29.What is the result of the "new form of discrimination" (Line 5, Para 4)?
30.The phrase "the linguistically oppressed" (Line 6, Para. 4) refers to those who were ______.
Part Ⅲ Cloze Test
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. Read the whole passage and try to fill in each blank with that best fits into the passage. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.
University Physics is intended for students of science and engineering. Primary emphasis is on physical principles and problem- (46) ; historical background and specialized practical applications have been given a place of (47) importance. Many worked-out examples and an extensive collection of problems are included within each chapter.
In this (48) edition, the basic philosophy and outline and the balance between depth of treatment and (49) of subject-matter coverage are unchanged from previous editions. We have tried to preserve those features that users of (50) editions have found desirable, (51) incorporating a number of changes that should enhance the book's usefulness.
The textbook is adaptable to a wide variety of (52) outlines. The entire textbook can be used for a(n) (53) course two or three semesters in length. For a less intensive course, many instructors will want to (54) certain chapters or sections to tailor the book to their individual needs. The arrangement of this edition facilitates this kind of (55)
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. Read the whole passage and try to fill in each blank with that best fits into the passage. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.
University Physics is intended for students of science and engineering. Primary emphasis is on physical principles and problem- (46) ; historical background and specialized practical applications have been given a place of (47) importance. Many worked-out examples and an extensive collection of problems are included within each chapter.
In this (48) edition, the basic philosophy and outline and the balance between depth of treatment and (49) of subject-matter coverage are unchanged from previous editions. We have tried to preserve those features that users of (50) editions have found desirable, (51) incorporating a number of changes that should enhance the book's usefulness.
The textbook is adaptable to a wide variety of (52) outlines. The entire textbook can be used for a(n) (53) course two or three semesters in length. For a less intensive course, many instructors will want to (54) certain chapters or sections to tailor the book to their individual needs. The arrangement of this edition facilitates this kind of (55)
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Part Ⅳ Translation
Section A
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Section A
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
1.To take advantage of the Internet, some impoverished (贫穷) countries will have to get their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty(主权) might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure--including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on--were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans.
Section B
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English.
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English.
1.所有这一切引发了信任危机。美国人不再把繁荣看成是理所当然的事，他们开始相信自己缺乏经营之道，他们相信他们的收入不久也会下降。80年代中期，对美国工业下滑的原因进行了一次又一次的调查，惊人的发现不时的告诫他们，海外的竞争实力越来越强大，情况变化多快呀! 1995年当日本不断奋力拼搏时，美国却可以回顾这五年稳固发展的历程。
Part Ⅴ Writing
Directions: Read the following chart and write a composition of about 150 words. The main idea of each paragraph is given below in Chinese.
Directions: Read the following chart and write a composition of about 150 words. The main idea of each paragraph is given below in Chinese.
1.Various Energy Sources Transformed into Electricity in the U. S. A1．分析图表所给信息； 2．评述目前美国环境污染与该图表的关系； 3．如何改善美国环境状况。
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