Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values.
"Around 1980 many Japanese, 1 young people abandoned the values of economic success and began 2 for new sets of values to 3 them happiness," writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual"s pursuit of 4 and less on the values of work, family, and society.
Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, 5 their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993 6 of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded 7 as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater 8 of Japanese aged 18—24 also preferred easy jobs 9 heavy responsibility.
The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner world of private satisfaction. Data collected 10 the Japanese government in 1993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast 11 63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are 12 both respect for their parents 13 a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change 14 Japanese parents ! over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing 15 for private matters.
The shift 16 individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among 17 very young.According to 1991 data 18 the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16—19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among 19 aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to 20 ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don"t want to do anything I can"t enjoy doing. "

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In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the eye, common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society"s moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other people"s lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual"s quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors.
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show"s main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life"s tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show"s exploitation.
While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.

1. 
Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are______ .

A more family-oriented

B unusually popular

C more profound

D relatively formal

2. 
Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience______ .

A remain fascinated by them

B are ready to face up to them

C remain indifferent to them

D are willing to get involved in them

3. 
Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?

A A new type of robot.

B Racist hatred.

C Family budget planning.

D Street violence.

4. 
Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both______ .

A ironical

B sensitive

C instructive

D cynical

5. 
We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows______ .

A have monopolized the talk show circuit

B exploit the weaknesses in human nature

C appear at different times of the day

D are targeted at different audiences

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life, By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the end of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250, 000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the City limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800, 000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years—lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied: there was always a huge surplus of subdivided but vacant land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carded out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

1. 
With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

A Types of mass transportation.

B Instability of urban life.

C How supply and demand determine land use.

D The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.

2. 
The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT______.

A growth in city area

B separation of commercial and residential districts

C changes in life in the inner city

D increasing standards of living

3. 
Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

A To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

B To show that mass transit changed many cities.

C To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

D To contrast their rates of growth.

4. 
According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

A it was expensive.

B It happened too slowly.

C It was unplanned.

D It created a demand for public transportation.

5. 
The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city______.

A that is large

B that is used as a model for land development

C where land development exceeded population growth

D with an excellent mass transportation system

Until men invented ways of staying underwater for more than a few minutes, the wonders of the world below the surface of the sea were almost unknown. The main problem, of course, lies in air. How could air be provided to swimmers below the surface of the sea? Pictures made about 2,900 years ago in Asia show men swimming under the surface with air bags tied to their bodies. A pipe from the bag carried air into the swimmer"s mouth. But little progress was achieved in the invention of diving devices until about 1490, when the famous Italian painter, Leonardo da Vinci, designed a complete diving suit.
In 1680, an Italian professor invented a large air bag with a glass window to be worn over the diver"s head. To "clean" the air a breathing pipe went from the air bag, through another bag to remove moisture, and then again to the large air bag. The plan did not work, but it gave later inventors the idea of moving air around in diving devices.
In 1819, a German, Augustus Siebe, developed a way of forcing air into the head-covering by a machine operated above the water. At last in 1837, he invented the "hard-hat suit" which was to be used for nearly a century. It had a metal covering for the head and an air pipe attached to a machine above the water. It also had small openings to remove unwanted air. But there were two dangers to the diver inside the "hard-hat suit". One was the sudden rise to the surface, caused by a too great supply of air. The other was the crushing of the body, caused by a sudden diving into deep water. The sudden rise to the surface could kill the diver; a sudden dive could force his body up into the helmet, which could also result in death.
Gradually the "hard-hat suit" was improved so that the diver could be given a constant supply of air. The diver could then move around under the ocean without worrying about the air supply.
During the 1940s diving underwater without a special suit became popular. Instead, divers used a breathing device and a small covering made of rubber and glass over parts of the face. To improve the swimmer"s speed another new invention was used: a piece of rubber shaped like a giant foot, which was attached to each of the diver"s own feet. The manufacture of rubber breathing pipes made it possible for divers to float on the surface of the water, observing the marine life underneath them. A special rubber suit enabled them to be in cold water for long periods, collecting specimens of animal and vegetable life that had never been obtained in the past.
The most important advance, however, was the invention of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, which is called a "scuba".
Invented by two Frenchmen, Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, the scuba consists of a mouthpiece joined to one or two tanks of compressed air which are attached to the diver"s back. The scuba makes it possible for a diver-scientist to work 200 feet underwater or even deeper for several hours. As a result, scientists can now move around freely at great depths, learning about the wonders of the sea.

1. 
In 1490 or so, the main progress mentioned in this passage was

A an Italian professor invented a large air bag.

B men invented the best diving devices.

C an Italian painter designed a complete diving suit.

D an air bag.

2. 
An invention of an Italian professor

A gave later inventors the idea of moving air around in diving devices.

B can "clean" the air.

C was used to remove moisture.

D was nothing but a plan.

3. 
The German, Augustus Siebe, invented the "hard-hat suit" which was used

A for nearly a hundred years.

B for almost a thousand years.

C for over a century.

D for a century.

4. 
Siebe"s invention was not a perfect one, because

A too great a supply of air could result in a sudden rise to the surface.

B a sudden dive into deep water could cause the crushing of the body.

C the air pipe attached to a machine could be above the surface.

D both A and B.

5. 
The word "scuba" is

A a certain diver"s name.

B an original English word.

C named by the inventor.

D the first letters of five English words.

The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth. This study of the world"s future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "modes" of the future of our society, forecast a planet-wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources.
1
Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable—if we don"t change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But for science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They"d been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all their lives.
For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations; This gives the writers some enormous advantages.
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Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us.
For there is not simply a future, a time to come that"s inevitable. Our future is built, hit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions.
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For while a scientist"s job has largely ended when he"s reduced his data to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be non-human. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes.
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The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character—or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist"s own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it"s Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world"s knowledge and power—the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable.
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The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important, he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn"t come blindly rolling out of the heavens; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that"s easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it"s a point that science fiction makes constantly, the future belongs to us—whatever it is. We make it, and our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try.
Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed.
Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1912, "Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry. "
What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have. technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors such as poetry have a power that scientists can"t recognize.
A. The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times.
B. To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages. the art of fiction.
C. One of the advantages is flexibility.
D. Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out.
E. To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the five problems lurking ahead, is not enough.
F. Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn"t been carefully thought out in advance.

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A=Washington D.C. B=New York City C=Chicago D=Los Angeles Which book(s) say(s) that...
· is the headquarter of the Supreme court. 1
· was discovered as early as 1524. 2
· has served as the capital of the country. 3
· is now the largest industrial city in the country. 4
· leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts. 5
· is the largest city. 6
· is the second largest city in population in U. S.A. 7
· has become one of the world"s busiest ports. 8
· covers an area of over 69 square miles. 9
· is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. 10
1. Washington D. C.
Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D.C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A.
The building of the city was accomplished in 1,800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the British army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings.
Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system, Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency.
Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Library of Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington.
2. New York City
New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metro politan, 12 million. The city has five boroughs. Manhattan, Brooklyn the Bronx, Queen"s and Richmond.
The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by the Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there on July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation"s capital until 1790.
New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world"s busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are. the Statue of Liberty (152 meters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York"s more famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stand along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street.
3. Chicago
Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake.
The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S. It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area.
The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day.
On March 8th 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women"s Day.
4. Los Angeles
Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication.
The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the U. S. in 1846.
The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center.
Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

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Write an article on "Combating Software Piracy" in no less than 250 words. Your article should cover
A. necessities to fight against software piracy
B. measures to fight against software piracy
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET2.