中国科学院考博英语-6
(总分95.5, 做题时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary
1. 
The Japanese Prime Minister"s ______ is a seat on the U N Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.
A precedence
B promise
C priority
D procedure
2. 
The profit motive is inherently ______ with principles of fairness and equity.
A in line
B in trade
C at times
D at odds
3. 
He received the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences" 1983 Crafoord Prize, established to honor fields not ______ for the Nobel Prize.
A advisable
B noticeable
C eligible
D favorable
4. 
The realization of all the potential profits ______ depends on sufficient spending by employers, by the government or by those purchasing exports.
A intimately
B universally
C ultimately
D instinctively
5. 
He cannot ______ the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.
A contribute to
B account for
C identify with
D leave out
6. 
If somebody is ______, he is given a medal or other honor as an official reward for what he has done.
A confirmed
B decorated
C appreciated
D nominated
7. 
The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is ______ is now a common one.
A out of the way
B on order
C out of order
D in no way
8. 
Monique is studying business administration because she wants to be a highly paid ______ in a large company.
A primitive
B executive
C conservative
D representative
9. 
A knowledge of history ______ us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.
A equips
B provides
C offers
D satisfies
10. 
The researchers found the age at which young people first fall ______ to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.
A sacrifice
B short
C witness
D victim
11. 
Although he has become rich, he is still very ______ of his money.
A economic
B thrifty
C frugal
D careful
12. 
Compared with his ______, Putin adopted a more active, flexible and pragmatic foreign policy.
A ancestor
B predecessor
C forerunner
D pioneer
13. 
There are few, if any, countries in the world in which sports ______ national life to the degree that they do in the US.
A permeate
B overwhelm
C submerge
D immerse
14. 
The______in our soaps should come only from essential oils, which are steamed or pressed from plants.
A scents
B scenarios
C scenes
D scales
15. 
Although he has become rich, he is still very ______ of his money.
A economic
B thrifty
C frugal
D careful
16. 
As a developing country, we must keep ______ with the rapid development of the world economy.
A move
B step
C speed
D pace
17. 
The chairman of the company said that new techniques had ______ improved their production efficiency.
A violently
B severely
C extremely
D radically
18. 
In a materialistic and ______ society people"s interest seems to be focused solely on monetary pursuit.
A adaptive
B addictive
C acquisitive
D arrogant
19. 
She makes no ______of their affair in public and he understands that he is not to refer to it with these new acquaintances.
A concealment
B compliment
C amendment
D acknowledgement
20. 
We are a peaceful community but we cannot ______ and allow the people responsible to destroy the fabric of our society.
A start up
B start off
C stand by
D stick out
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A
Passage 1
The Solar Decathlon is under way, and teams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.
Although the Solar Decathlon"s purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE"s "Solar Village on the National Mall" has received very little of what it needs to run.
Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.
Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5, 000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.
Nor do the costs end when the system is installed, lake anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.
Solar energy has always had its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufacturers involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.
1. 
The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a ______.
A technology
B contest
C strategy
D machine
2. 
What does the author say about the weather?
A It is rare for Washington, D
B It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time
C It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment
D It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy
3. 
What has happened to DOE"s "Solar Village on the National Mall"?
A It has revealed a mechanical problem
B It lacks the energy for operation
C It needs substantial financial support
D It has drawn criticism from the government
4. 
The environmental benefits of solar power are small because ______.
A solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundings
B most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuel
C the users of solar energy still cannot go without fossil fuel
D only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes
5. 
It can be inferred that "a passbook savings account" ______.
A brings little interest
B brings much interest
C is a deposit of at least $ 100
D is a deposit of at least $ 5000
6. 
It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government ______.
A admits its limitation of being expensive
B rarely mentions its cost to homeowners
C stands on the side of the majority of consumers
D remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturers
Passage 2
It is a treasure hunt with a difference: conducted not with metal detectors, but by negotiation. Italy is at last reaping the benefits of a two-year campaign to regain smuggled antiquities. Five American museums have been talked into returning works that they claim to have acquired in good faith. Almost 70 of the finest are now on display in Rome—and they have just been joined by the only known intact work by Euphronios, an Athenian vase-painter.
New ground is also being broken with the return of nine items from the private collection of a New York philanthropist, Shelby White. This is the first pact negotiated with an individual. Francesco Rutelli, the culture minister, met Ms White twice in America before the deal was done. She has always maintained that she and her late husband had no idea that the pieces were suspect. A tenth item from their collection, also by Euphronios, is being sent back to Italy in 2010. Under Italian law, any classical artefacts found on Italian soil belong to the state, even if (like Euphronios" vases) they originated in Greece. A former head of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles and an American art dealer have been on trial for almost three years in Rome, charged with trafficking in illegally excavated objects. Both deny wrongdoing. Their charge was followed by a deal that officials say is crucial for efforts to curb the traffic in smuggled antiquities. Switzerland has undertaken to require importers of classical artifacts to produce proofs of origin and of legal export.
The deals with the museums have all involved give-and-take. In exchange for works claimed by Italy, the museums have been given others on long-term loan. "Italian lovers of art and archaeology will get back what has been stolen, while others abroad will profit from the exhibition of sometimes even more beautiful works," says Mr Rutelli.
The deal with the Getty museum was the hardest to do but also the most productive. 40 of the works on show in Rome come from there. But they do not include the "Getty bronze", which the Italians had hoped to retrieve. This third-century BC statue, attributed to Lysippos, Greek sculptor, was caught by Italian fishermen in 1964. The Getty insists that it was found in international waters. The Italians say it was still illegally exported.
1. 
Paragraph 1 mainly focus on Italy"s ______.
A success in getting back some lost art treasure from abroad
B talk with foreign museums for returning its art treasures
C effort to find out where its smuggled art treasures are
D exhibition of some of its world-famous art treasures
2. 
What can be learned about Euphronios?
A His works have been scattered all over Europe
B Ten of his works have been returned to Italy
C His works have not been well preserved
D None of his works has ever been exhibited
3. 
Ms. White insisted that she got the Italian items ______.
A for charitable purposes
B from her late husband
C by making a good deal
D in ignorance of their identity
4. 
The trial of the two Americans in Italy helped to push some countries to ______.
A be strict with importing classical artifacts
B be tough to classical artifact traffickers
C require legal proof of all imported goods
D stop importing art works of foreign origin
5. 
To reclaim its treasures from foreign museums, Italy has chosen to ______.
A pay them for the long-time maintenance
B let them display some of its other works
C lend them money to buy some other works
D help them find some precious works to display
6. 
What is true about "Getty bronze" according to the passage?
A It was taken away from Greece
B It was found by some Italian fishermen
C It was illegally exported to the Ｕ
D It was buried somewhere in Italy
7. 
The best title for this passage might be ______.
A Antiquity Smugglers Sentenced
B Cost Paid for Wrongdoings
C Art Treasures Coming Home
D Cultural Rarities on Display
Passage 3
Ever since the 1750s, when the writer, satirist, statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin put political cartooning on the map by publishing the first cartoon of the genre in America, artists have combined their talent, wit and political beliefs to create cartoons that enrage, enlighten or simply engage the viewer.
A picture may paint a thousand words, but a cartoon provokes, protests and entertains all at once. It is this that makes cartoonists so valuable and influential in times of crisis. Today, that crisis is climate change, and clever imagery can give new impetus to our struggle to combat global warming. The organizers of Earthworks 2008, a global cartoon competition, believe that art and humor are simple ways to get the environmental message across.
"We set up the competition to give cartoonists around the world a platform on which to express themselves," says John Renard, one of the Earthworks organizers. "We hoped the competition would stimulate cartoonists to use their pens and wit to help combat environmental devastation and give new impetus to our desperate fight to stop global warming," he says. "After all, humor is often a valuable key in the struggle to win hearts and minds."
But despite the sharp wit that pervades the cartoons, climate change is no laughing matter for their creators. The 50 or so countries from which the 600 competition entries were sent are all suffering the effects of global warming, some more dramatically than others. Two cartoons were sent from Burma, where in May this year a tropical storm tore through five regions along the western coast, killing at least 100,000 people, and leaving millions more without shelter, food, or clean water.
Although governments around the world are reluctant to suggest, officially, that the disaster in Burma is a direct result of global warming, there"s little doubt that it will have added to the tropical storm"s destructive power.
Studies published in the journals Nature and Science have demonstrated a link between rising sea temperatures and increased wind-speed of tropical storms and hurricanes, and even US-government-funded organizations such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration admit that a warming of the global climate will affect the severity of storms. "Experiencing first-hand the catastrophic effects of climate change allowed these artists to give their cartoons a special sharpness," says Revent.
1. 
In America, it was Benjamin Franklin who______
A invented satirical cartoons
B started cartooning on the map
C initiated publishing cartoons
D originated political cartoons
2. 
According to the Earthworks 2008 organizers, the fight against global warming______
A should be known to cartoonists worldwide
B may be simply described by means of cartoons
C could add to a cartoonist"s sense of humor
D may arouse interest in cartoon competition
3. 
Cartoons" worth in promoting environmental protection, as emphasized by John Renard, lies in their quality of being______
A picturesque
B provocative
C entertaining
D laughable
4. 
According to the passage, "the sharp wit" (boldfaced in Paragraph 4) that fills the competition entries refers to the cartoonists"______
A amusing expression
B cutting criticism
C political keenness
D bitter grievance
5. 
What does the passage say about the Burma disaster?
A Many governments denied its relevance to global warming
B Two Burmese cartoonists portrayed its devastating damage
C It was a political hot potato for many govemment officials
D The Burmese government was to blame for failing to predict it
6. 
With respect to global warming, the passage suggests that political leaders should______
A get aware of how cartoonists feel about it
B experience its disastrous effects first-hand
C learn from science how and why it occurs
D take their responsibilities in combating it
Section B
Passage 4
In June 2006, in Minato, Tokyo, a 16-year old high school student was killed by a Schindler elevator. He was backing out of it with his bicycle when the elevator suddenly rose with the doors still open, crushing his skull. Investigations began related to this fatality.
In the process of this investigation, the safety of elevators in Japan came under question. 1 The Japan Elevator Association disclosed that 9200 entrapments happened in Japan in 2004 in elevators of the big four Japanese elevator manufacturers (Mitsubishi Electric, Hitachi, Toshiba, and Fujitec).
Results from a recent investigation in Hiroshima showed that 34% of Schindler elevators in the city have had problems. 2
As of June 14, 2006, the precise cause of the accident had still not been confirmed. 3 The International Herald Tribune reported on June 14 that "Loose bolts and worn brake pads, evidence of poor maintenance, likely played a central role in the elevator accident. "
4 The Asia Times Online reports that in response to a flood of inquiries from customers, the third-largest domestic elevator company, Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corp is offering free inspections of their elevators, while Mitsubishi Electric Corp, the leading firm, and Hitachi Ltd, which is the second-largest, are responding to requests on a case-by-case basis.
In Hong Kong, many news agencies are finding similarities between the Minato case and the 2002 Fanling Hong Kong case. Thus, Hong Kong"s Public Housing Authority has been questioned about the 33 public estates with Schindler elevators. 5 In comparison, Hong Kong law requires a full annual examination every year, load testing every 5 years, and an inspection every month. Some buildings have inspections every 2 weeks.
A. There is a reported competition among elevator operators in Hong Kong, with some buildings opting to contract elevator maintenance to firms that offer low rates.
B. The Housing Authority has said that all of its elevators are maintained by the original manufacturer (in Hong Kong"s case, by "Schindler Lifts Hong Kong Limited") and all elevators are inspected fully once every week.
C. It should be noted that elevator maintenance had been carried out by a Japanese maintenance company and not by Schindler since 2005.
D. That elevators are not infallible came as a surprise to many people, especially when it was discovered that of the 8,800 Schindler elevators installed in Japan, 85 have trapped people.
E. Japan has already ordered full inspections of the country"s entire set of Schindler elevators, with elevators of all manufacturers being inspected in government buildings.
F. Public concern over the Minato case has not been limited merely to Schindler elevators.
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
Passage 5
Few numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medicine, that figure is now 75 for men and 80 for women. 1
So it is both alarming and surprising when life expectancy falls, even for a small part of the population. Yet that is what some researchers at Harvard have found. They looked at death rates by county, having corrected for migration and merged sparsely populated ones so that America"s 3,141 counties became 2,068 "county units".
2 But between 1983 and 1999, it fell significantly (by about a year) for women in 180 county units, and stagnated in another 783. Men fared less poorly, their life expectancy fell significantly in only 11 county units, and stagnated in another 48.
Put differently, life expectancy appears to have either stagnated or fallen slightly for some 4% of American men and 19% of women. The main culprits are diseases linked to smoking or obesity, such as lung cancer and diabetes. 3
Majid Ezzati, one of the study"s authors, says it is too soon to say. An optimist would point out that women took up smoking later than men. It was not until after the Second World War that they started puffing at anything like the male rate. The increase of poor women now dying of lung cancer may be a hangover from the end of the taboo on female smoking. 4
A pessimist would reply that the other big killer, obesity, keeps spreading, especially among the poor. "We"ve been saying for ages that it must have peaked, but it keeps going up," says Dr. Ezzati. Two decades ago, no state had an obesity rate above 15%. Now, 22 have passed the 25% mark. 5 Neither are getting any smaller.
A. For most Americans, life expectancy continues merrily to rise.
B. And the poorest Americans have gained the most: blacks, for example, live more than twice as long now as they did a century ago.
C. Even though smoking takes an average of 14. 5 years off women"s lives, almost one in five American women age 18 and older smokes.
D. The counties where life expectancy has fallen are nearly all in the South or Appalachia, where huge deep-fried portions are the norm and waistlines are among America"s widest.
E. But both sexes have quit in droves since the 1970s, so the death toll may fall in the future.
F. The crucial question is whether this represents a blip or the start of a trend.
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
Part Ⅲ Cloze
The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things may be called the symbolic process.
Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are 1 things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.
Almost all fashionable clothes are 2 symbolic, so is food. We 3 our furniture to serve 4 visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses 5 the basis of a feeling that it "looks well" to have a "good address". We trade perfectly good cars in for 6 models not always to get better transportation, but to give 7 to the community that we can 8 it.
Such complicated and apparently 9 behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, "why can"t human beings 10 simply and naturally?" Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative 11 of such lives as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no 12 for wanting to 13 to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process 14 instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its 15 .
1. 
A many
B some
C few
D enough
2. 
A highly
B nearly
C merely
D likely
3. 
A make
B get
C possess
D select
4. 
A of
B for
C as
D with
5. 
A on
B to
C at
D for
6. 
A earlier
B later
C former
D latter
7. 
A suggestion
B surprise
C explanation
D evidence
8. 
A use
B afford
C ride
D find
9. 
A useless
B impossible
C inappropriate
D unnecessary
10. 
A live
B work
C stay
D behave
11. 
A passivity
B activity
C simplicity
D complexity
12. 
A meaning
B reason
C time
D doubt
13. 
A lead
B devote
C proceed
D return
14. 
A so that
B in that
C considering that
D by reason that
15. 
A teachers
B students
C masters
D servants
Part Ⅳ Translation
It is astonishing how little is known about the working of the mind. But however little or much is known, it is fairly clear that the model of the logic-machine is not only wrong but mischievous. There are people who profess to believe that man can live by logic alone. If only they say, men developed their reason, looked at all situations and dilemmas logically, and proceeded to devise rational solutions, all human problems would be solved. Be reasonable. Think logically. Act rationally. This line of thought is very persuasive, not to say seductive. 1) It is astonishing, however, how frequently the people most fanatically devoted to logic and reason, to a cold review of the "facts" and a calculated construction of the truth, turn out not only to be terribly emotional in argumentation, but obstinate before any "truth" is "proved" -- deeply committed to emotional positions that prove rock-resistible to the most massive accumulation of unsympathetic facts and proofs.
2) If man"s mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will. All of us have known people who gush as a general response to life - who gush in seeing a sunset, who gush in reading a book, who gush in meeting a friend. They may seem to live by emotion alone, but their constant gushing is a disguise for absence of genuine feeling, a torrent rushing to fill a vacuum. It is not uncommon to find beneath the gush a cold, analytic mind that is astonishing in its meticulousness and ruthless in its calculation.
Somewhere between machine and sponge lies the reality of the mind - a blend of reason and emotion, of actuality and imagination, of fact and feeling. 3) The entanglement is so complete, the mixture so thoroughly mixed, that it is probably impossible to achieve pure reason or pure emotion, at least for any sustained period of time.
4) It is probably best to assume that all our reasoning is fused with our emotional commitments and beliefs, all our thoughts colored by feelings that lie deep within our psyches. Moreover, it is probably best to assume that this stream of emotion is not a poison, not even a taint, but is a positive life-source, a stream of psychic energy that animates and vitalizes our entire thought process. 5) The roots of reason are embedded in feelings - feelings that have formed and accumulated and developed over a lifetime of personality-shaping. These feelings are not for occasional using but are inescapable. To know what we think, we must know how we feel. It is feeling that shapes belief and forms opinion. It is feeling that directs the strategy of argument. It is our feelings, then, with which we must come to honorable terms.
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
Part Ⅴ Writing
1. 
TOPIC

Should there be two focuses available in Chinese high schools (humanity focus and science focus)? Please give specific reasons to support your argument.