The continuous unrest was ______ the nation's economy.
   A. exaggerating     B. aggravating         C. amending         D. fastening

At one time the Democratic Party was considered to be a party standing ______ state rights.
    A. up for             B. by                C. out                    D. back

Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks; acid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation and the greenhouse effect.
     A. recognized         B. proved             C. got rid of          D. multiplied

However, at times this balance in nature is______, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.
   A. troubled        B. disturbed      C. confused       D. puzzled

The modern age is a permissive one in which things can be said explicitly, but the old traditon of ______ dies hard.
    A. talkativeness    B. exaggeration    C. condemnation   D. euphemism

The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ______ almost two hours later.
      A. destination    B. whither        C. respect        D. praise

The ______ of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country.
   A. clash           B. clarify       C. clarity       D. clatter

Initially his book did not receive much attention, but two weeks after the critic's review appeared in the newspapers, it climbed to the best sellers' list.
    A. At first           B. First of all         C. At first sight     D. From the first

Some people ______ in part the defeat of the revolution in France and Germany to the English diplomacy, do you agree?
   A. contributed       B. attributed          C. distributed        D. owned

Typically, these children of Democrats switched ______ and joined the Republican Party during the 1980s.
   A. authenticity         B. arrogance         C. alliance         D. allegiance

On the memorable occasion, the soldiers ______ the Colonel when he arrived.
   A. shouted         B. solved          C. salvaged        D. saluted

The middle-aged woman has been ______ with a serious illness for half a year; she is dying now.
   A. laid down       B. laid off             C. laid up D. laid in

What is the ______ in going by boat when the plane costs no more and is quicker?
    A. impression       B. meaning             C. comprehension   D. sense

The crowd ______ into the hall and some had to stand outside.
   A. outgrew          B. overthrew     C. overpassed    D. overflew

He swallows his words so much that I can never ______ what he is saying.
    A. make out          B. put up         C. deal with        D. take up

All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's ______.
    A. assurance             B. warrant              C. guarantee          D. insurance

A cut in the budge put 10 percent of the state employee's in ______.
   A. range            B. review          C. perspective       D. jeopardy

The bridge looked so unsafe that we all______.
   A. hung up       B. hung around   C. hung back         D. hung onto

Huntington and many of its competitors are working to make remedial instruction a commodity as ______ and accessible as frozen yogurt.
   A. ubiquitous                    B. rational
   C. necessary                       D. credible

Heavy rains were causing inundation and much damage throughout the country.
    A. much inconvenience B. serious concern      C. overflow of water  D. human misery

We always lay in a large ______ of tinned food in winter in case we are snowed up.
    A. proportion     B. storage           C. provision        D. supply

Efforts to reach the injured men have been ______ because of a sudden deterioration in weather conditions.      
    A. enforced         B. intensified           C. continued        D. strengthened

Horseback riding ______ both the skill of handling a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.
    A. embraces               B. encourages            C. exaggerates        D. elaborate

In the preceding chapter, economic welfare was taken broadly to consist of that group of satisfactions and dissatisfactions which can be brought into relation with a money measure. We have now to observe that this relation is not a direct one, but is mediated through desires and aversions. That is to say, the money that a person is prepared to offer for a thing measures directly, not the satisfaction he will get from the thing, but the intensity of his desire for it. This distinction, obvious when stated, has been somewhat obscured for English-speaking students by the employment of the term utility——which naturally carries an association with satisfaction——to represent intensity of desire. Thus, when one thing is desired by a person more keenly than another, it is said to possess a greater utility to that person. Several writers have endeavored to get rid of the confusion which this use of words generates by substituting "utility," in the above sense for some other term, such as "desirability". The term "desiredness" seems, however, to be preferable, because, since it cannot be taken to have any ethical implication, it is less ambiguous. I shall myself employ that term.
   Generally speaking, everybody prefers present pleasures or satisfactions of given magnitude to future pleasures or satisfactions of equal magnitude, even when the latter are perfectly certain to occur. But this preference for present pleasures does not——the idea is serf-contradictory——imply that a present pleasure of given magnitude is any greater than a future pleasure of the same magnitude. It implies only that our telescopic faculty is defective, and that we, therefore, see future pleasures, as it were, on a diminished scale. That this is the right explanation is proved by the fact that exactly the same diminution is experienced when, apart from our tendency to forget ungratifying incidents, we contemplate the past.
   Our analysis also suggests that economic welfare could be increased by some rightly chosen degree of differentiation in favor of saving. Nobody, of course, holds that the State should force its citizens to act as though so much objective wealth now and in the future were of exactly equal importance. In view of the uncertainty of productive developments, to say nothing of the mortality of nations and eventually of the human race itself, this would not, even in the extremest theory, be sound policy. But there is wide agreement that the State should protect the interests of the future in some degree against the effects of our irrational discounting and of our preference for ourselves over our descendants. The whole movement for "conservation" in the United States is based on this conviction.
   It is the clear duty of Government, which is the trustee for unborn generations as well as for its pre sent citizens, to watch over, and, if need be, by legislative enactment, to defend, the exhaustible natural resources of the country from rash and reckless spoliation.
   Plainly, ff we assume adequate competence on the part of governments, there is a valid case for some artificial encouragement to investment, particularly to investments the return from which will only begin to appear after the lapse of many years. It must, however, be remembered that, so long as people are left free to decide for themselves how much work they will do, interference, by fiscal or any other means, with the way they employ the resources that their work yields to them may react to diminish the aggregate amount of this work and so of those resources.

One year ago we stared aghast at images of the Southeast Asian tsunami. Video cameras taken on vacation to record the everyday pleasures of the beach were suddenly turned to quivering utility as they documented the panic and mayhem of a natural disaster. Who can forget the disbelief in the recorded voices? This can't be happening to us. Human beings are never prepared for natural disasters. There is a kind of optimism built into our species that seems to prefer to live in the comfortable present rather than confront the possibility of destruction, It may happen, we seem to believe, but not now, and not to us. Mount Vesuvius has been erupting since historical records began. The eruption of A. D. 79 both destroyed Pompeii and preserved it for posterity. Pliny the Younger starkly recorded the details in prose that can still be read as a scientific ac-count. Yet houses are still being erected today at vulnerable sites around Vesuvius, in the face of the geological inevitability of further eruptions.
   Disasters are described as "acts of God". Whenever a natural catastrophe occurs, old questions resurface. How can we reconcile tragedy with the idea of a beneficent God? And with that question, the notion of punishment is never far behind. If classical religions were wont to attribute disasters to the wrath of the gods, even in this scientific age the old explanations still have their attractions. And who might not sneakily still wish to believe that a saint could intercede on our behalf?
   But there is another kind of disaster. Many scientists think that the Gulf Coast hurricanes may be a symptom of climate change. Carbon emissions have been accelerating more rapidly within a generation or two: this is not the result of some creeping plate indifferent to the fate of humans; this is our responsibility. However, there is still the same, almost willful blindness to the dangers of climate change; after all, the sun still rises, the crops still ripen--why worry? Geology tells us that there have been "green-house worlds" in the distant past. These have been times when seas flooded over continents. Even modest sea-level rises would spell the end of densely populated areas of the world like Bangladesh. In such a case, invoking the God to look after us for the best is just pie in the sky. These are not "acts of God" but acts of man. We should be ashamed of the consequences of our own willing blindness.

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers.  Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.  Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice, of one another.  Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not conflict; nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably ,an essential and desirable element of human societies.
   Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species.  This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
   Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life.  The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.

By far the most common difficulty in study is simple failure to get down to regular concentrated work. This difficulty is much greater for those who do not work to a plan and have no regular routine of study. Many students muddle along, doing a hit of this subject or that, as the mood takes them, or letting their set work pile up until the last possible moment.
   Few students work to a set time-table. They say that if they did construct a timetable for themselves they would not keep to it, or would have to alter it constantly, since they can never predict from one day to the next what their activities will be.     No doubt some temperaments take much more kindly to a regular routine than others. There are many who shy away from the self-regimentatign of a weekly time-table, and dislike being tied clown to a definite programme of work. Many able students claim that they work in cycles. When they become interested in a topic they work on it intensively for three or four days at a time. On other days they avoid work completely.  It has to be confessed that we do not fully understand the complexities of the motivation to work. Most people over 25 years of age have become conditioned to a work routine, and the majority of really productive workers set aside regular hours for the more important aspects of their work. The "tough-minded" school of workers is usually very contemptuous of the idea that good work can only be done spontaneously, under the influence of inspiration.
   Those who believe that they need only work and study as the fit takes them have a mistaken belief either in their own talent or in the value of "freedom". Freedom from restraint and discipline leads to unhappiness rather than to "self-expression" or "personality development". Our society insists on regular habits, timekeeping and punctuality, and whether we like it or not, if we mean to make our way in society we have to comply with its demands.

In most American cities, the tent for a one-bedroom apartment was $250 or more per month in recent years. In some smaller cities such as Louisville, Kentucky or Jacksonville, Florida the rent was less, but in larger cities it was more. For example, if you lived in Los Angeles, you had to pay $400 or more to rent a one-bedroom apartment, and the same apartment rented for $625 and up in Chicago. The most expensive rents in the U. S. were in New York City, where you had to pay at least $700 a month to rent a one-bedroom apartment in most parts of the city.
   Renters and city planners are worried about the high cost of renting apartments. Many cities now have rent-control laws to keep the cost of renting low. These laws help low-income families who cannot pay high rents.
   Rent control in the United States began in 1943 when the government imposed rent controls on all American cities to help workers and the families of soldiers during World War II. After the war, only one city—New York—continued these World War II controls. Recently, more and more cities have returned to rent controls. At the beginning of the 1980s, nearly one fifth of the people in the United States lived in cities with rent-control laws.
   Many cities have rent-control laws, but why are rents so high? Builders and landlords blame rent controls for the high rents. Rents are high because there are not enough apartments to rent, and they blame rent controls for the shortage of apartments. Builders want more money to build more apartment buildings, and landlords want more money to repair their old apartment buildings. But they cannot increase rents to get this money because of the rent-control laws. As a result, landlords are not repairing their old apartments, and builders are not building new apartment buildings to replace the old apartment buildings. Builders are building apartments for high-income families, not low-income families, so low-income families must live in old apartments that are in disrepair. Builders and landlords claim that rent-control laws really hurt low-income families.
   Many renters disagree with them. They say that rent control is not the problem. Even without rent controls, builders and landlords will continue to ignore low-income housing because they can make more money from high-income housing. The only answer, they claim, is more rent controls and government help for low-income housing.

A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.
    What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".
   Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research.
   In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety.  (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation.
   Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency ( crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories  (21)  on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior  (22)  they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through  (23)  with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in  (24)  to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,  (25)  as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,  (26)  the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes  (27)  lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are  (28)  to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly  (29)  juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that  (30)  to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment  (31)  make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in  (32)  lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also  (33)  changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents;  (34)  , children are likely to have less supervision at home  (35)  was common in the traditional family structure.

60. 
A. acting       B. relying        C. centering       D. commenting

61. 
A. before       B. unless         C. until           D. because

62. 
A. interaction  B. assimilation   C. cooperation     D. consultation

63. 
A. return       B. reply          C. reference       D. response

64. 
A. or           B. but rather     C. but             D. or else

65. 
A. considering  B. ignoring       C. highlighting    D. discarding

66. 
A. on           B. in             C. for             D. with

67. 
A. immune       B. resistant      C. sensitive       D. subject

68. 
A. affect       B. reduce         C. check           D. reflect

69. 
A. point        B. lead           C. come            D. amount

70. 
A. in general   B. on average     C. by contrast     D. at length

71. 
A. case         B. short          C. turn            D. essence

72. 
A. survived     B. noticed        C. undertaken      D. experienced

73. 
A. contrarily   B. consequently   C. similarly       D. simultaneously

74. 
A. than         B. that           C. which           D. as

Gunman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of--and so was crucial in sustaining--the Black heritage of folk music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experience.

Topic: With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.