清华大学考博英语-13
(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Vocabulary
Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with single line through the center.
1. 
The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ______ almost two hours later.
  • A. designation     
  • B. destiny         
  • C. destination       
  • D. dignity
A  B  C  D  
2. 
The negotiations which ______ the signing of the treaty took place over a number of years.
  • A. preceded     
  • B. prescribed       
  • C. proceeded       
  • D. processed
A  B  C  D  
3. 
Americans are highly ______, and therefore may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.
  • A. moving       
  • B. mobile           
  • C. movable         
  • D. motional
A  B  C  D  
4. 
The Untied States and Canada are lands of ______ except for the Indians, who are the only true natives.
  • A. emigrants     
  • B. immigrants       
  • C. dwellers         
  • D. inhabitants
A  B  C  D  
5. 
There was a noisy ______ at the back of the hall when the speaker began his address.
  • A. interaction     
  • B. irritation         
  • C. disturbance       
  • D. interruption
A  B  C  D  
6. 
The patient is not in good condition, so do not ______ your visit.
  • A. lengthen     
  • B. delay           
  • C. extend         
  • D. prolong
A  B  C  D  
7. 
Violence is just one of the many problems ______ in city life.
  • A. abundant       
  • B. inherent         
  • C. substantial       
  • D. coherent
A  B  C  D  
8. 
Trees that ______ the view of the oncoming traffic should be cut down.
  • A. block         
  • B. inhibit           
  • C. spoil             
  • D. alter
A  B  C  D  
9. 
He gave his work to his friend to ______, because he found it hard to see his own mistakes.
  • A. adjust         
  • B. compile         
  • C. revise           
  • D. verify
A  B  C  D  
10. 
A considerable amount of time and money has been invested in ______ this system.
  • A. defining     
  • B. implying         
  • C. reducing         
  • D. perfecting
A  B  C  D  
11. 
We were frightened by the ______ of the crowd.
  • A. hospitality     
  • B. honesty         
  • C. humanity         
  • D. hostility
A  B  C  D  
12. 
The president's ______ remarks in his speech met with a lot of attacks from other countries.
  • A. offensive     
  • B. impressive       
  • C. permissive       
  • D. expressive
A  B  C  D  
13. 
This can help to ______ something that the students may not have comprehended.
  • A. signify         
  • B. specify           
  • C. testify           
  • D. clarify
A  B  C  D  
14. 
He passed ______ hours in the library; he acquired information relative to the subject he was going to expound.
  • A. resulting       
  • B. resultative       
  • C. resultful         
  • D. resulted
A  B  C  D  
15. 
The travel agency has a full program of ______, if tourists wish to visit local places of interest.
  • A. expeditions   
  • B. excursions       
  • C. explorations       
  • D. propositions
A  B  C  D  
16. 
The Barbie doll comes with a whole range of ______ that you can dress her in
  • A. outlooks       
  • B. outlines           
  • C. outskirts         
  • D. outfits
A  B  C  D  
17. 
I don't know how to interpret her remark. I think it was deliberately ______.
  • A. distinct       
  • B. ambiguous       
  • C. suspicious       
  • D. invisible
A  B  C  D  
18. 
Economic theory would predict that a fall in the price of a commodity would lead to an increase in ______.
  • A. assumption   
  • B. resumption       
  • C. consumption     
  • D. presumption
A  B  C  D  
19. 
As with a human baby, you must be patient, ______, and understanding of your pet's mistakes.
  • A. tolerant       
  • B. strict           
  • C. obedient         
  • D. durable
A  B  C  D  
20. 
To our disappointment, the guide also only has a slight ______ with Italian.
  • A. recognition     
  • B. orientation       
  • C. acquaintance     
  • D. familiarity
A  B  C  D  
21. 
On the first day when a pupil enters school, he is asked to ______ to the school rules.
  • A. concede     
  • B. conform         
  • C. comply         
  • D. confront
A  B  C  D  
22. 
Once the ______ contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved.
  • A. principle     
  • B. principal         
  • C. potential         
  • D. primitive
A  B  C  D  
23. 
If you want to go to the concert, you'll have to make a ______, or there will be no tickets.
  • A. reservation     
  • B. punctuality       
  • C. compliment       
  • D. clarity
A  B  C  D  
24. 
I arrive at nine o'clock, teach until twelve thirty and then have a meal; that is my morning ______.
  • A. habit         
  • B. custom           
  • C. practice         
  • D. routine
A  B  C  D  
25. 
David ______ his company's success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work.
  • A. attributed     
  • B. contributed       
  • C. acknowledged     
  • D. pledged
A  B  C  D  
26. 
You've been talking with David all evening when you ought to be ______ with other guests.
  • A. blending     
  • B. integrating       
  • C. mingling         
  • D. incorporating
A  B  C  D  
27. 
I asked my mother if I could go out, and she ______.
  • A. descended   
  • B. contented       
  • C. consented       
  • D. ascended
A  B  C  D  
28. 
The room is so ______ with furniture——that it is hard to move about.
  • A. muddled     
  • B. cluttered       
  • C. distributed       
  • D. scattered
A  B  C  D  
29. 
Can't you speak more ______ to your parents?
  • A. respectably   
  • B. respectingly     
  • C. respectively     
  • D. respectfully
A  B  C  D  
30. 
Some ______ good luck brought us nothing but trouble.
  • A. seemingly     
  • B. satisfactorily     
  • C. uniformly         
  • D. universally
A  B  C  D  
31. 
He ______ his old car for a new one as soon as he had won the prize.
  • A. replaced     
  • B. converted       
  • C. exchanged       
  • D. interchanged
A  B  C  D  
32. 
He is a very ______ character; he is never relaxed with strangers.
  • A. self-confident   
  • B. self-conscious     
  • C. self-evident       
  • D. self-serving
A  B  C  D  
33. 
You'll find that the community has ______ great changes since you were here last time.
  • A. submitted     
  • B. sustained         
  • C. perceived         
  • D. undergone
A  B  C  D  
34. 
You don't have to ______ yourself. I think you did the right thing putting your mother in a nursing home.
  • A. justify         
  • B. hinder           
  • C. indulge         
  • D. appoint
A  B  C  D  
35. 
If prisoners behave well, they are allowed the ______ of visiting their families at the weekend.
  • A. equality       
  • B. security         
  • C. privilege         
  • D. prestige
A  B  C  D  
36. 
Despite his ______ as a trouble-maker, he was promoted to department manger.
  • A. repetition     
  • B. repression       
  • C. reputation       
  • D. representation
A  B  C  D  
37. 
It was obvious that she and her husband were ______ and she wished she'd never married him,
  • A. insolvable     
  • B. insensible       
  • C. inseparable       
  • D. incompatible
A  B  C  D  
38. 
The new law allows you to ______ payment if you think a bill is incorrect.
  • A. withhold     
  • B. withdraw         
  • C. wither           
  • D. withstand
A  B  C  D  
39. 
It was a real ______ when Susan came back from her vacation and told us she had married a local waiter.
  • A. comfort       
  • B. shock           
  • C. attack           
  • D. impact
A  B  C  D  
40. 
To celebrate the national day, there was a ______ fireworks display.
  • A. specific       
  • B. spectacular       
  • C. speculative       
  • D. specialistic
A  B  C  D  
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the Corresponding letter with a single bar a cross the square brackets on your machine scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage One
   
A World Without Books Or Music

    If books had never been discovered, man would have found some other way of recording his communication. But then, for our consideration, we should include as books everything that is a written record. This would include tablets, papyrus and anything else—including computer diskettes. In the case of music, it would be impossible to think that man can live without it. Looking-at primitive cultures, it appears that music is actually a part of the human psyche. When two things are knocked together, music is produced. So for the sake of our discussion,it is intended to restrict the meaning of music to the popularly accepted concept. Music is the pleasing combination of sounds that we like to listen to.
    Though it is difficult to, we can pretend that these things never existed. In this case we would not miss them today. To compare with recent inventions, let us look at radio and television Though we cannot think of life without them today, this is so only from comparatively recent times. There are many of us living today who had seen a time when there was no television. They will tell us that life was not that much different. The same is probably true of radio. But books are a different thing because they, or something akin to them, began thousands of years ago. In the case of music, it goes back even further-perhaps to millions of years, we may be able to imagine a world which never saw books, because books are a human invention. However, in the case of music this does not seem possible. Pleasing sounds are all around us, like the singing of the birds and the whistling of the wind. Music just seems to be inborn in us and in the world around us.
    If books did not exist, the world will be a poorer place indeed. Great philosophies like Plato's would become unknown and all the pleasures and lessons we could get from them will be lost forever. Then there is literature like the works of the great masters like Shakespeare, Dickens and Jane Austen. What a so sombre, miserable world it will be without the pleasures of reading. Since there are so many other things which depend on reading—like plays, songs and movies—we can expect them to disappear also. It would be a dark and unsatisfying world where knowledge is not propagated; where there are no books to derive pleasure from.
    In the case of music, without it the world will be bleak and cold indeed. It would be a terrible world with no cheery tunes, no songs to sing and no great music to lose ourselves in. A world which does not listen to the music of the great masters like Chopin and Beethoven would be a very sorry world. There will not be so many smiles on faces anymore. When we lose music, an expression of a deep part of ourselves—from the soul—is lost. With music, connected activities like dancing will be lost too. A world without music and dancing will bring us back to the Stone Age.
    Unlike radio, television, telephones and computers, reading and music are not mere conveniences that we can live without. Reading is crucial for self-expression and for passing on records and knowledge to future generations. Music is part of our very soul. A world without these will not be the world as we know it. In fact, many of us would not want to live in such a world.
1. 
Music is part of the human psyche because ______.
  • A. it is part of primitive culture 
  • B. it is something we like to listen to 
  • C. it always strikes a chord with us 
  • D. it has been produced since ancient times
A  B  C  D  
2. 
According to the passage, life without television and radio would be ______.
  • A. essentially the same                 
  • B. very different 
  • C. quite boring                       
  • D. spiritually more satisfying
A  B  C  D  
3. 
It is impossible to imagine a world without music because ______.
  • A. music like books is a human invention   
  • B. it is crucial for self-expression   
  • C. enjoyable sounds exist in our environment   
  • D. plays, songs and movies depend on it
A  B  C  D  
4. 
A world without books would be ______.
  • A. bleak and cold   
  • B. a very sorry world   
  • C. dreadfully unsatisfying   
  • D. dark and dull
A  B  C  D  
5. 
Why is music something that we cannot live without?
  • A. Because it is a convenience like the Internet. 
  • B. Because we will lose a deep part of ourselves, 
  • C. Because we won't have smiles on our faces anymore. 
  • D. Because philosophies like Plato's would not exist.
A  B  C  D  
Passage Two
    The high unemployment rates of the early 1960s occasioned a spirited debate with, in the economics profession. One group found the primary cause of unemployment in slow growth and the solution in economic expansion. The other found the major explanation in changes that had occurred in the supply, and demand for labor and stressed measures for matching demand with supply.
    The expansionist school of thought, with the Council of Economic Advisers as its leading advocates, attributed the persistently high unemployment level to a slow rate of economic growth resulting from a deficiency of aggregate demand for goods and services. The majority of this school endorsed the position of the Council that tax reduction would eventually reduce the unemployment level to 4% of the labor force with no other assistance. At 4%, bottlenecks in skilled labor, middle-level manpower, and professional personnel were expected to retard growth and generate wage-price pressures. To go beyond 4%, the interim goal of the Council, it was recognized that improved education, training and retraining, and other structural measures would be required. Some expansionists insisted that the demand for goods and services was nearly satiated and that it was impossible for the private sector to absorb a significant increase in output. In their estimate, only the lower-income fifth of the population and the public sector offered sufficient outlets for the productive efforts of the potential labor force. The fact that the needs of the poor and the many unmet demands for public services held higher priority than the demands of the marketplace in the value structure of this group no doubt influenced their economic judgments.
    Those who found the major cause of unemployment in structural features were primarily labor economists, concerned professionally with efficient functioning of labor markets through programs to develop skills and place individual workers. They maintained that increased aggregate demand was a necessary but not sufficient condition for reaching either the CEA's 4% target or their own preferred 3%. This pessimism was based, in  part on the conclusion that unemployment among the young, the unskilled, minority groups, and depressed geographical areas is not easily attacked by increasing general demand. Further, their estimate of the numbers of potential members of the labor force who had withdrawn or not entered because of lack of employment opportunity was substantially higher than that of the CEA. They also projected that increased demand would put added pressure on skills already in short supply rather than employ the unemployed, and that because of technological change, which was replacing manpower, much higher levels of demand would be necessary to create the same number of jobs.
    The structural school, too, had its hyperenthusiasts. Fiscal conservatives who, as an alternative to expansionary policies, argued the not very plausible position that a job was available for every person, provided only that he or she had the requisite skills or would relocate. Such extremist positions aside, there was actually considerable agreement between two main groups, though this was not recognized at the time. Both realized the advisability of a tax cut to increase demand, and both needed to reduce unemployment below a point around 4%. In either case, the policy implications differed in emphasis and not in content.
1. 
The author's treatment of the "hyperenthusiasts" can best be described as one of ______.
  • A. tolerance 
  • B. appreciation 
  • C. dismissal 
  • D. sarcasm
A  B  C  D  
2. 
According to the passage, there was a good deal of agreement between the expansionist and structuralist theories on ______.
  • A. how to reduce unemployment in the 1960s 
  • B. how to reduce unemployment to 4 percent 
  • C. what role the government played in reducing unemployment 
  • D. how to eliminate structural deficiencies
A  B  C  D  
3. 
Although they agreed that an increase in demand was necessary to reduce unemployment, the expansionists argued that ______.
  • A. importance should be attached to structural measures such as education and training 
  • B. politically conservative policies should be made in the effort to reduce unemployment 
  • C. a tax cut would not be sufficient to help to create increased demand 
  • D. government spending to increase demand should fund programs for lower income groups and public services
A  B  C  D  
4. 
The author discounts the value of the expansionists' judgment by pointing out that it ______.
  • A. was not borne out with sufficient information 
  • B. was colored by their political viewpoint 
  • C. was not made from a professional point of view 
  • D. was deemed to be impractical and thus incorrect
A  B  C  D  
5. 
It can be inferred that the hyperenthusiasts contended that ______.
  • A. the problem of unemployment could be solved with government retraining and education programs 
  • B. the number of people unemployed was greatly overestimated by the Council of Economic Advisers 
  • C. the poor had a greater need for expanded government, services than the more affluent portion of the population 
  • D. fiscal policies alone were powerful enough to reduce the jobless rate to 4 percent of the work force
A  B  C  D  
Passage Three
    When most people think about changing their body shape, they usually focus on just losing weight. Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the world. Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy, but losing weight by means of dieting takes time, losing weight too fast can cause great health problems. Dieting means changing one's eating habits to a healthier pattern, but many women mistake the concept of dieting and think that the less one eats, the better. As a result, they lose health as well as weight.
    Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that, over a certain period of time, will improve the body's use of oxygen. Nowadays aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths. Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting, but it is also very beneficial for health. There are different types of aerobics like jogging, swimming, kickboxing, fitness walking, inline skating, bicycling, etc. Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs. It is also especially popular with women.
    But neither of these two methods, dieting and aerobics, can help shape the body. To do this you need to build muscle. So, if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal, 60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves, and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises.
    For a proper body-shaping routine, you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights. Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise. Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups-for example, chest and biceps, or back, shoulders and triceps.
    You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities, like swimming, cycling, walking, running, or in-line skating, plan three to four workouts a week, 15 to 20 minutes each, increasing the pace each week.
    As you build muscle, you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise. Don't worry. It's probably muscle, which is denser than fat. And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue. With more muscle, you can burn more calories, even when you are not exercising.
    When you are trying to build muscle, you need two to three serving of protein a day, but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates. And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout, you should eat something, especially carbohydrates, an hour or so before your workout.
    While weight training wilt firm and shape your body, it has other benefits too. It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.
1. 
Which of the following is NOT true about dieting?
  • A. Dieting is about changing one's eating habits. 
  • B. Dieting does not necessarily mean eating less than one used to. 
  • C. Dieting does not necessarily mean losing weight. 
  • D. Losing weight is bound to cause great health problems.
A  B  C  D  
2. 
"Workouts" include all the following except ______.
  • A. bicycling     
  • B. dieting           
  • C. weight training     
  • D. aerobic exercise
A  B  C  D  
3. 
Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions given in the passage?
  • A. Exercise should be done for each major group of muscles. 
  • B. When you do weight-training, the weights you use should be as heavy as possible. 
  • C. Go on a proper diet for muscle-building. 
  • D. Muscle-building exercise should be combined with aerobic activities.
A  B  C  D  
4. 
Which of the following is NOT true?
  • A. Muscle-building exercise results in weight-gaining, but that is not a problem to worry about. 
  • B. Muscle helps one keep fit. 
  • C. Improved muscle strength can lead to a higher quality of life. 
  • D. Weight-training helps shape up you body.
A  B  C  D  
5. 
What's the ultimate purpose of strength-training with weights?
  • A. To increase the pace of your aerobic exercise. 
  • B. To burn more calories and lose weight. 
  • C. To build muscle and lose weight. 
  • D. To shape your body and make your life more enjoyable.
A  B  C  D  
Passage Four
    Developing a peaceful, understanding, and supportive relationship between parents and children is not an easy task. Failures can and do occur at any age level, and at times the results are the abuse, neglect, and even death of children.
    Child abuse has become a major topic in child development and an issue of much national concern. In the span of four legislative years, 1963~1967, all fifty states enacted laws calling for the reporting of injuries inflicted on children. By 1973, the United States Congress passed the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (Public Law 93-247), This law not only reflected the mood of concerned citizens, but it also did much to clear up the confusion and disagreement over what is child abuse.
    The question "what causes child abuse?" has prompted much debate. The single most persistent myth which had plagued efforts to understand causes is the notion that parents who abuse children are mentally disturbed or ill. Although there is no specific psychiatric diagnosis which comprises the behavior and personalities of abuser, they seem to share a common style of child rearing. Those parents demand high levels of child performance and they often use severe physical punishment to ensure the child's proper behavior, Abusive parents themselves were raised In similar family situations and their own childhood experience has a lasting influence on their behavior as adults.
    Current research has suggested, however, that the "abuser is sick" hypothesis is too limited, A broader social, psychological approach recognizes that some personal problems are implicit but that psychological factors arise out of a social context. Social factors include unemployment, social isolation, and unwanted pregnancy. Moreover, findings that abuse occurs more frequently in larger families and families with low income, poor education, and low occupational status suggest that many such parents cannot withstand the twenty-four-hour-a-day responsibility to raise and care for their children. These problems aggravate the situation, especially when combined with the general approval in our culture of violence.
1. 
This selection suggests that child abuse is ______.
  • A. a growing problem whose causes are not fully understood 
  • B. caused primarily by the mental illness of parents 
  • C. a problem in the United States, but a greater one in Europe 
  • D. easily determined because of recent public laws
A  B  C  D  
2. 
We can know from the second paragraph that the law passed by 1973 ______.
  • A. received little attention from the public 
  • B. was condemned by abusive parents 
  • C. was aimed to expand welfare programs of the United States 
  • D. helped much in clarifying the problem
A  B  C  D  
3. 
The person who is beast likely to be a child-abusing parent is the one who ______.
  • A. was raised in abusive family situations himself 
  • B. creates a peaceful and supportive family environment for his children 
  • C. is unemployed or socially isolated 
  • D. is mentally ill
A  B  C  D  
4. 
Which one of the following is most probably a cause of child abuse?
  • A. Too high an income of the parents.     
  • B. Unemployment of the parents. 
  • C. Poor health of the child.             
  • D. Peculiar personalities of the child.
A  B  C  D  
5. 
Which of the following statements is the author likely to agree with?
  • A. Violence on TV may contribute Io child abuse. 
  • B. Medical doctors are largely Io blame for unreported cases of child abuse. 
  • C. The media should not describe the details of child abuse cases. 
  • D. Violence in our society is acceptable unless children are victims.
A  B  C  D  
Part Ⅲ Cloze

    A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The mate animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his mate and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, used up the best territory in the order of "first come, first     1    ." The late arrivals may acquire     2    , territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the     3    of the enemies of the species.     4    there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not     5    . In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict     6    territory, animals will commonly use force, or a show of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note,     7    , that animals seem to use only the minimum amount of force     8    to drive away the intruder. There is usually no kilting. In the case of those animals which are capable of     9    each other great harm,     10    is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the victor normally stops fighting.
1. 
  • A. use           
  • B. serve           
  • C. served           
  • D. used
A  B  C  D  
2. 
  • A. larger         
  • B. better           
  • C. smaller           
  • D. worse
A  B  C  D  
3. 
  • A. caves         
  • B. nests             
  • C. residences       
  • D. habitats
A  B  C  D  
4. 
  • A. Neither       
  • B. If             
  • C. Since           
  • D. Because
A  B  C  D  
5. 
  • A. breed       
  • B. produce         
  • C. mate           
  • D. compete
A  B  C  D  
6. 
  • A. for           
  • B. over             
  • C. with             
  • D. by
A  B  C  D  
7. 
  • A. moreover     
  • B. henceforth       
  • C. however         
  • D. yet
A  B  C  D  
8. 
  • A. compulsory   
  • B. essential         
  • C. necessary       
  • D. vital
A  B  C  D  
9. 
  • A. doing       
  • B. made           
  • C. given           
  • D. sending
A  B  C  D  
10. 
  • A. this           
  • B. that             
  • C. it               
  • D. there
A  B  C  D  
Part Ⅳ Translation
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. 
Scientists, those who are endowed with peculiar capability of thinking and analysis and with endless patience in observing and data collecting, always try hard to discern the nature and seek for the regularity over the disorderly appearance.
2. 
The most significant problems we were confronted at that time were the shortage of skilled laborers, the lack of qualified university teachers in the training of those skilled laborers, and the decline in the capability of doing researches in colleges due to the want of teachers and modern conveniences in education and scientific research.
3. 
Science always pays attention to practicality. It involves the conscientious quest for truth and permits of no deceit; what's more, it requires hard working. Meanwhile, it needs one's creation and imagination. Only when one has the ability of imagination could he break the bonds of tradition, and thus develop the science.
4. 
Never lose heart if you fail in the career that is done in your own right. There is a different world between "I have failed three times" and "I am a loser". As long as you do not think negatively of yourself and do not identify yourself with the failure, but always try to learn something from the failure, you will be likely to succeed in the future.
Part Ⅴ Writing
1. 
You are to write a composition of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly on the Answer Sheet. Your composition should be based on the following topic.
   
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