The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ______ is often the case in other countries.
    A. as                B. what               C. so               D. that

I would never have ______ a court of law if I hadn't been so desperate.
    A. sought for          B. accounted for      C. turned up           D. resorted to

Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are ______ off.
    A. avoided                B. excluded             C. screened             D.separated

Simon's letter was in such a casual scrawl, and in such pale ink, that it was ______.
    A. vague         B. ambiguous         C. illegible          D. obscure

When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at______.
   A. wrong          B. trouble        C. fault           D. difficulty

The newspaper reported on the initiative of the organization to establish a private company to professionally ______ prisoners due to be released from prison.
   A. habilitate         B. rehabilitate         C. preclude          D. prelude

The examination has been cancelled. You ______ all that review, after all.
     A. didn't need to do                     B. needn't do
     C. needn't have done                      D. needn't to do

No one could come Up with an easy solution to Japan's labor ______.
    A. decline        B. vacancy         C. rarity           D. shortage

Communication orally involves more than reading or talking: gesture, posture, movements may all be ______ to it.
     A. intrinsic         B. coherent         C. appealing         D. submissive

His constant attempts to ______ his colleagues' achievement eventually caused his dismissal.
   A. withdraw       B. diminish         C. restrain         D. confine

"This park has more than 200 waterfalls that are 15 feet or higher. And 150 of them have never been mapped or photographed," says park historian Lee Whittlesey. "Now that's a ______ to the size of Yellowstone."
     A. proposition     B. hypothesis         C. ceremony       D. testimony

The Freedom of Information Act gives private citizen ______ government files.
     A. release from     B. excess of        C. redress of        D. access to

Probability is the mathematical study of the ______ of an event's occurrence.
    [A] likelihood          [B] desirability        [C] predictability        [D] malleability

The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.
    A. induce            B. abduct           C. indulge               D. lure

During a period of protracted illness, the sick can become infirm, ______ both the strength to work and many of the specific skills they once possessed.
   A. regaining        B. denying         C. pursuing        D. losing

Our country was founded on the lofty principles of freedom and justice for all. Our lofty principles ought to be ______.
    A. faced up to   B. looked up to   C. lived up to     D. made up to

The United States (has sent) several (spacecrafts) into orbits (around the earth) and has collected a lot of (information).
     A. has sent      B. spacecrafts        C. around the earth           D. information

She______his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.
   A. inclined           B. declined             C. denied             D. disinclined

Natural selection is defined as the process ______ the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism's survival.
     A. to which directs                            B. of which directs it
     C. directs it                                   D. that directs

The police inspector, having received new information from a confidential source, decided to enlarge the ______ of his enquiry.
      A. scope          B. magnitude        C. dimension       D. volume

When the colonel learned that headquarters had been unable to send him reinforcements, he ______ the order for the scheduled attack.
   A. countermanded                      B. relinquished
   C. rephrased                            D. invalidated

A scorching sun, an endless sea of sand and a waterless, forbiddingly lonely land—that is the image most people have of deserts. But how true is this picture? Deserts are drylands where rainfall is low. This is not to say rain never falls in deserts: it may fall once or twice a year in a fierce torrent that fades almost as soon as it has begun, or which evaporates in the hot air long before it has got anywhere near the earth. It may fall in a sudden sweeping flood that carries everything in its path. Rains may only come once in five or six years or not fall for a decade or more. The Mojave desert in the United States remained dry for twenty-five years.
   Without water no living thing can survive, and one feature of the true desert landscape is the absence of vegetation. With little rain and hardly any vegetation the land suffers under the sun. There are virtually no clouds or trees to protect the earth's surface and it can be burning hot. Under the sun, soils break up and crack. Wind and torrential rain sweep away and erode the surface further. Eight million square kilometers of the world's land surface is desert. Throughout history deserts have been expanding and retreating again. Cave paintings show that parts of the Sahara Desert were green and fertile about 10,000 years ago, and even animals like elephants and giraffes roamed the land. Fossil and dunes found in fertile and damp parts of the world show that these areas were once deserts. But now the creation of new desert areas is happening on a colossal scale. Twenty million square kilometers, an area twice the size of Canada, is at a high to very high risk of becoming desert. With a further 1.25 million square kilometers under moderate risk, an area covering 30% of the earth's land surface is desert, becoming desert, or in danger of becoming desert. The rate of growth of deserts is alarming. The world's drylands which are under threat include some of the most important stock-rearing and wheat-growing areas and are the homes of 600--700 million people. These regions are becoming deserts at the rate of more than 58, 000 square kilometers a year or 44 hectares a minute. In North Africa at least 100,000 hectares of cropland am lost each year. At this rate there is a high risk that we will be confined to living on only 50% of this planet's land surface within one more century unless we am able to do something about it.

Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury.
   Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it.  It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.
   Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction.  They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm.  The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.
   Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low- lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.

The word science is heard so often, in modem times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge(facts).
   Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this mason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact statue of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.
   The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown.  Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.
   Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—— for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.
   Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one-day result in application of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another.  Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago, however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.

Protection of the environment is based on a principle that is beginning to be used in the field of jurisprudence. The principle has to do with property rights. The idea is that we all have a property right in the air and water around us. If a business firm pollutes that air or water, their act in so doing  constitutes damage to something we own—just as if the firm had dropped a smoke bomb down our chimney. Our legal ease against such a firm is then baaed on the complaint that we deserve compensation  for an infringement of our right to use our private property as we please ( provided we don' t interfere with the same rights of a neighbor). Assuming we win the case, the offending firm then has to pay us for damaging our property—the air or water we "own".
    And so protection of the environment, specifically the control of pollution, now rests on the idea that we, as members of the public, share a right to clean air and water and to the good health that clean air and water quality can give us. But, as always, costs and benefits are involved in any decision  to improve the environment.
    In an Adam Smithian, self-interested world, entrepreneurs or businessmen are expected to increase  their profits as much as possible. The natural way to do this is to produce at the lowest possible  cost. But at whose cost? It is obviously cheaper for entrepreneurs to dump waste into the nearest stream or into the atmosphere than to truck it to some waste disposal facility or to filter it as it comes out of smokestacks. Therefore, what may be sensible for entrepreneurs may not be desirable for the community.
     Here is a classic trade-off: When the government intervenes to force entrepreneurs to stop polluting,  entrepreneurs have to adopt more expensive means of production or waste disposal. Inevitably,  they will charge higher prices, and, given no change in demand, the quantity demanded will drop and workers will be laid off. The trade-off is therefore cleaner air and water or more unemployment.  This is how economists view this problem.

Pardon one: how are your manners?
     The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to Gentility Recalled, edited by Digby Anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that once regulated social conduct. It criticizes the fact that "manners" are scorned us repressive and outdated.
    The result, according to Mr.  Anderson-director of the Social Affairs Unit, an independent think-tank—is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behaviour on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.
    Mr. Anderson says the cumulative effect of these—apparently trivial, but often offensive—is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.
    When people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. Meanwhile, attempts to re-establish restraint  and self-control through "politically correct" rules are artificial.
    The book has contributions from 12 academic in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the "coarsening" of Britain. Old- fashioned terms such as "gentleman" and "lady" have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says. Rachel Trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of St Hugh' s College, Oxford, says that the notion of a "lady" protects women rather than demeaning them.
    Feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures,  she says. "Women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims."
    Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that "gentleman" is now used only with irony or derision.
    "The popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between Woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are the stock-in-trade of television."
    She argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behavior  enable a man to act naturally as and individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society.
    "Politeness is no constraint, precisely because the manners are no ' code' but a language, rich, flexible, restrained and infinitely subtle."
    For Anthony O' Hear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, manners are closely  associated with the different forms of behavior appropriate to age and status. They curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age. Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. "We have vice-chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies the trendy vicar on his motorbike."
    Dr. Athena Leoussi, sociology lecturer at Reading University, bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their sartorial appearance.
    Dress, she says, is the outward expression of attitudes and aspirations. The ubiquitousness of jeans "displays a utilitarian attitude" that has "led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life". Dr. Leoussi says that while clothes used to be seen as a means of concealing taboo forces of sexuality and violence, certain fashions—such as leather jackets--have the opposite effect.
    Dr. Bruce Charlton, a lecturer in public health medicine in Newcastle upon Tyne, takes issue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such as doctors and bank managers, and their clients. He says this has eroded the distance and respect necessary in such relationships. For Tristarn Engelhardt, professor of medicine in Houston, Texas, says manners are bound to morals.
    "Manners express a particular set of values," be says. "Good manners interpret and transform social reality. They provide social orientation.\

Tests conducted at the University of Pennsylvania's Psychological Laboratory showed that anger is one of the most difficult emotions to detect from facial expression. Professor Dallas E. Buzby confronted 716 students with pictures of extremely angry persons, and asked them to identify the emotion from facial expression. Only 2 percent made correct judgments. Anger was most frequently judged as "pleased." And a typical reaction of a student with the picture of a man who was hopping mad was to classify his expression as either "bewildered", "quizzical", or simply "amazed". Other students showed that it is extremely difficult to tell whether a man is angry or not just by looking at his face. The investigators found further that women are better at detecting anger from facial expression than men are. Paradoxically, they found that psychological training does not sharpen one's ability to judge a man's emotions by his expressions but appears actually to hinder it. For in the university tests, the more courses the subjects had taken in psychology, the poorer judgment scores he turned in.

Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile  (21)  mile, vehicle for vehicle, you axe much  (22)  likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On  (23)  hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to  (24)   than in a comparable accident  (25)   on the roads.
   Motorways have no  (26)   bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and  (27)   speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is  (28)   in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mph limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps  (29)   ten meters between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups  (30)   one vehicle stops for some reason—mechanical failure, driver error and so on—have become all  (31)   familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How  (32)   of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred meters to brake to a stop  (33)   70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather.  (34)   wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, they  (35)   at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions  (36)   their journey comes to a conclusion.
   Perhaps one remedy  (37)   this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are barred  (38)   motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is  (39)  , thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required,  (40)   it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.

60. 
A. utterly         B. simply        C. barely        D. purely

61. 
A. for            B. after         C. to            D. by

62. 
A. more           B. far           C. less           D. lesser

63. 
A. another        B. other          C. one           D. the other

64. 
A. come up        B. occur         C. be found        D. arise

65. 
A. everywhere      B. elsewhere      C. anywhere       D. somewhere

66. 
A. pointed        B. steep         C. vertical        D. sharp

67. 
A. thus           B. then          C. so            D. thereupon

68. 
A. yet           B. even         C. still          D. subsequently

69. 
A. because        B. since         C. when         D. for

70. 
A. too           B. also         C. unduly        D. unreasonably

71. 
A. many          B. much         C. deeply        D. profoundly

72. 
A. to            B. from         C. at           D. for

73. 
A. Whatever        B. However       C. Whoever        D. How

74. 
A. push           B. rake          C. till           D. plough

75. 
A. unless         B. before        C. thus         D. until

76. 
A. to            B. for          C. of           D. on

77. 
A. from           B. against        C. away          D. off

78. 
A. related         B. considered     C. concerned      D. touched

79. 
A. but            B. then         C. them         D. for

把食物给动物的时候，它会流涎。在给予食物之前不久，如果反复出示铃铛，动物听到铃声就开始流涎，即使不提供食物也是如此。只要铃声伴随着食物的试验反复进行，反应的时间就会减少。这一过程被称为条件反射作用，伴随着铃声的流涎叫做条件反射。如果多次出示铃铛却不让食物紧接着出现，条件反射要么自然而然地产生，要么就会失效。

Topic: What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century? State your reasons.