To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on ~'persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
   Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first try to fred out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it according to consumer demand.
   This concept does not imply that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity--the fkrrn and the customer. Each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producer and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding customers. This concept has been recognized in such slogans as "Have It Your Way" and "You're the Boss". A good example of the importance of satisfying the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King customer ruled !

   For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素), a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.
   The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species of specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so powerful that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.
   Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells.
   As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who has undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who have received the conventional treatments.
   In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.

   The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land; birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere; burrowing invertebrates (无脊椎动物) such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate farther unless, it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range, from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi (真菌) and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile, blown there by winds from the lower air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere (同温 层) as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles, recently the USA's National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them, in decreasing numbers, at heights up to eighteen miles. They are pretty sparse at such levels, about one for every two thousand cubic feet, compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles (the usual altitude of jet aircraft), and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench, sometimes as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled (while prospecting for oil) at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregarding the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles, in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so. If this planet were sealed down to the size of an orange, the biosphere, at its extreme width, would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin, excluding the pith.
   In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way in which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or compete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed. Yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecology--the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment--has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.

   As children get older, self-discipline should take the place of imposed discipline. Constrains become internalized and children begin to weigh from within the validity of their promptings (敦 促) . But their tendency to be self-critical, to develop a code of their own, depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company. The dialogue within reflects the dialogue without that is why discussion is so important during adolescence. Those in authority over children will, therefore, attempt to get children to do what is sensible by appealing to their common sense instead of ordering them around or appealing to their own status. They will not say, "I'm your father and I'm telling you not to smoke," but will point out the dangers involved. It is a further question, however, whether a child's acceptance of good reasons should be the criterion for his action. If a parent explains to a child why it is stupid and wrong to put objects on railway lines, and yet sees him doing so, will he stand aside and reflect that the boy is learning to choose? Parents must weigh their own fundamental principles against what is instructive for their children.
   Example, of course, is crucial. Parents and others must provide a pattern out of which the child can eventually develop his own style of self-regulation. This is not likely to happen unless exercise of authority is rationalized and sensitively adapted to age, to persons, and to the tasks in hand. For the young will tightly rebel against the irrational expression of a traditional status. In brief, teachers and parents must learn to be in authority without being authoritarian.

His constant attempts to ______ his colleagues' achievement eventually caused his dismissal.
   A. withdraw        B. diminish        C. restrain          D. confine

The Supreme Court ______ the judgment of the lower court in that case last week.
   A. amplified       B. affirmed         C. ascended        D. applauded

The doctor promised that this medicine would ______ the pain in the stomach.
   A. affirmed         B. agitated          C. alleviate         D. allocate

The apartment was ______at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that.
   A. assaulted        B. assessed         C. asserted         D. avenged

In order to help the students get a better understanding of the new conception, the professor it with many examples.
   A. enchanted       B. dissipated       C. eliminated       D. illustrated

The ______of his first novel appeared in The Times yesterday; no doubt he was very happy to see that.
   A. survey          B. inspection        C. appraisal         D. review

After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground ______ with papers, bottles and cans.
   A. scrubbed        B. used            C. littered          D. dispersed

The new policy has______a large amount of investment for industry and business in this city.
   A. acquainted      B. adhered         C. activated        D. asserted

The two countries were fighting severely to ______ every inch of the land.
   A. intervene        B. contest          C. imperil          D. inhabit

They ______for an early end to the fighting which had brought about a great loss to the city.
   A. petitioned       B. reasoned        C. reckoned        D. rebuked

By such demarcation, strong, representative national societies can then be left to do what they do best--______young scientists' development at national meetings, and represent their disciplines at the national level.
   A. foster           B. founder          C. found            D. foul

The intellectually______ enterprise of science depends on free communication.
   A. depressing       B. depressed        C. exhilarating      D. exhilarated

Against the wishes of many smaller countries, Europe is______ a stable, if undesirable, situation lacking any coherent policy of transnational coordination in basic and strategic research--despite the European Commission.
   A. tightened with    B. put fast into      C. stuck fast in      D. fastened with

The items contained in the parcel don't correspond ______ those on the list that accompanied it.
   A. against          B. for              C. about            D. with

It was clear that the storm ______ his arrival by two hours.
   A. retarded         B. retrieved        C. refrained        D. retreated

Human choice, not the intrinsic content of science, determines the outcome and scientists, as human beings, therefore have a special responsibility to provide council rooted in______
   A. expiration       B. explanation      C. expertise        D. expenditure

In a sense, scientists and engineers in the past have been fortunate, for we became accustomed to being measured by nature itself-- an unwaveringly fair and consistent, ______ unforgiving, judge.
   A. thus            B. nevertheless      C. therefore        D. albeit

According to ______ across the relevant research community, the published attack represents an extreme position in its demands for proof.
   A. soundings        B. echoes           C. sonar systems     D. reflections

Stocks are not goods--they merely are ______, exchanging current cash flows for future ones.
   A. conducts         B. conduction       C. conduits         D. products

The bill would establish protection against criminal and civil penalties for the improper______ of protected patient information.
   A. discovery       B. disappearance    C. disclosing       D. disclosure

The most convincing evidence for the importance of adult influence on a child's intelligence comes from a study of "at risk" children. Ramey and Frances Campbell of the University of North Carolina  61  with children born into poverty-line households. The children entered the study by four months  62  age. During the study, one group spent the day in a center where teachers used games and songs to  63  the infants. Another group had no such  64  , but they were given nutritional supplements in  65  .
   During preschool years the children in the early-education group showed IQ advantages often to 20 points. The highest-risk children showed the  66  gains, and at age 15 they had higher reading and math scores.
   What  67  for these gains? Ramey and other scientists say early childhood experiences  68  brain growth.
   An infant is bom  69  billions of brain cells called neurons. Some are wired to other cells before birth to regulate the  70  of life, such as heartbeat and breathing. Others are waiting to be wired to  71  him or her interpret and respond to the outside world. Experience dictates the hookups. As the child  72  , cells reach out and set up pathways to other cells needed to determine a  73  . For instance, the neurons in the eye send branches to the  74  cortex, which interprets  75   eye sees and, via other branches,  76  the person to react to what is seen. Each time an experience is repeated, the  77  are strengthened.
   The first two years of life are an explosion of brain  78  and connections. By age two the  79   has more than 300 trillion connections. At the same time, cells that aren't being connected or used are being  80  .

41. 
A. worked     B. stayed          C. studied          D. talked

42. 
A. at         B. in             C. of             D. by

43. 
A. feed        B. irritate          C. push            D. stimulate

44. 
A. exercise    B. program         C. study           D. research

45. 
A. contrast     B. addition         C. infancy          D. abundance

46. 
A. earliest     B. greatest         C. fewest          D. latest

47. 
A. accounts    B. stands           C. compensates     D. argues

48. 
A. involve     B. delay            C. retard           D. foster

49. 
A. into         B. with             C. while            D. before

50. 
A. cycles      B. courses         C. tasks            D. basics

51. 
A. make       B. help            C. let              D. have

52. 
A. grows      B. develops        C. matures         D. raises

53. 
A. behavior    B. response        C. movement       D. reaction

54. 
A. visual      B. auditory         C. mental          D. physical

55. 
A. why        B. when           C. how            D. what

56. 
A. makes      B. shows           C. cues             D. responds

57. 
A. brains       B. neurons           C. pathways        D. cells

58. 
A. activity     B. growth          C. neuron          D. cell

59. 
A. child       B. infant           C. cortex           D. brain

60. 
A. discarded   B. wasted          C. replaced         D. neglected

81. In the past even as our power grew, much of the world saw us, rightly or wrongly, as a moral beacon, as a country somehow largely outside the bloody, gory, off-tyrannical history that carved its swath across so much of the world during the American Century. Indeed, in many ways, even as cultural elites in once-glorious Old World nations sneered at upstart, crass, consumerist America, the masses in those nations idealized America as some sort of Promised Land. In many ways, the American Dream of the last 100-some years has been more something dreamed by foreigners from afar, especially those who experienced fascism or Stalinism, than lived as a universal reality on the ground in the United States.
   82. Things look simpler from a distance than they do on the ground. Today, I fear, foreigners slumber (酣睡) with dreamy American smiles on their sleeping faces no more; that intangible faith in the pastel-colored hue and soft contours of the Dream risks being shattered, replaced instead by an equally simplistic dislike of all things and peoples American. The Pew survey, for example, found that sizable majorities in countries such as Jordan, Morocco, Turkey, Germany, and France believed the war on terror to be largely about the United States wanting to control Middle Eastern oil supplies.
   83. In other words, the perception -- never universally held, but held by enough people to help shape our global image -- is changing. Once our image abroad was of an exceptional country accruing all the power of empire without the psychology of empire; now it is being replaced by something more historically normal -- hat of a great power determined to preserve and expand its might, for its own selfish interests and not much else.
   84. Maybe the American Dream always was little more than marketing hvpe. But as the savagery_ of the images coming out of Iraq demonstrate all too well, we live in a world where image is if not everything, at least crucial. Perhaps I'm wrong and the American Dream will continue to sweeten the sleep of those living overseas for another century. I certainly hope, very much, that I'm wrong -- for a world denuded of the Dream, however far from complex reality that Dream might have been, would be impoverished indeed.
   85. But I worry that that encore I mentioned earlier won't be nearly as breathtaking or as splendid as the original performance that shaped the first American century.

61. 

62. 

63. 

64. 

65. 

Directions: Write an essay of no less than 150 words about the volunteers (志愿者) of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.