考博英语-400
(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)
Section Ⅰ Vocabulary
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. 
The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs______it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.

A renders
B reckons
C regards
D relates
2. 
Without proper lessons, you could______a lot of bad habits when playing the piano.

A keep up
B pick up
C draw up
D catch up
3. 
We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn't______to the traffic jam of the busy city.

A aid
B amount
C add
D attribute
4. 
A year ago the firm had a______loss of 4.3 million dollars or 20 cents a share af ter all necessary deduction.

A total
B gross
C net
D clear
5. 
As we are on the point of______some important business with them, we should like to know exactly about their credit standing.

A transmitting
B transferring
C transacting
D transporting
6. 
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania,______defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.

A peculiarly
B indifferently
C vigorously
D inevitably
7. 
Everything we eat and drink contains some salt; we can meet the body's need for it from natural sources without turning______the salt bottle.

A up
B to
C on
D over
8. 
______his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.

A Dislike
B Unlike
C Alike
D Liking
9. 
The mayor is a woman with great______and therefore deserves our political and financial support.

A intention
B instinct
C integrity
D intensity
10. 
When people become unemployed, it is______which is often worse than lack of wages.

A laziness
B poverty
C idleness
D inability
11. 
I hope all the precautions against air pollution,______suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A while
B since
C after
D as
12. 
The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest______to everyone.

A speculation
B attribution
C utilization
D proposition
13. 
Tony is very disappointed______the results of the exam.

A with
B for
C toward
D on
14. 
You don't have to install this radio in your new car. It's an______extr

A A. excessiveB. optionalC. additionalD. arbitrary
15. 
In previous times, when fresh meat was in short______, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.

A store
B provision
C reserve
D supply
16. 
We shall send you commercial invoice, bills of lading and insurance certificates so that you can______the goods on a D/P basis.

A consume
B complain
C concern
D claim
17. 
Cancellation of the flight______many passengers to spend the night at the airport.

A resulted
B obliged
C demanded
D recommended
18. 
To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly and be______

A swift
B instant
C timely
D punctual
19. 
I suggested he should______himself to his new conditions.

A adapt
B adopt
C regulate
D suit
20. 
We have at present not any______of the furniture as you required.

A mark
B inventory
C stock
D account
Section Ⅱ  Cloze
Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
There are three separate sources of hazard  (21)  to the use of nuclear reaction to sup ply us with energy. Firstly, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufac ture to the power station.  (22)  the power stations themselves are solidly built, the con tainer used for transport of the material are not. Unfortunately , there are  (23)  only two methods of transport available, namely, road or rail, and both of these  (24)  close con tact with the general public,  (25)  the routes are  (26)  to pass near, or even through, crowdedly populated areas.
   Secondly, there is a problem of wastes. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which  (27)  will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is  (28)  to de-active these wastes, and so they must be stored  (29)  one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. For example, they must be buried under the ground or sunk in the sea. However, these  (30)  do not solve the problem completely, they merely store it, since an earthquake could  (31)  open the containers like nuts.
   Thirdly, there is the problem of accidental exposure  (32)  to a leak or an explosion at the power station. Compared with the other two hazards, this is not very likely and does not provide a serious  (33)  to the nuclear program,  (34)  it can happen, as the inhabitants of Har risburg will tell you.
   Separately, and during short periods, these three types of risk are no great cause for concern. Taken together, though, and especially  (35)  much longer periods, the proba bility of a disaster is extremely high.

21. 
A related
B connected
C associated
D affiliated
22. 
A Hence
B Although
C Therefore
D However
23. 
A regularly
B typically
C normally
D commonly
24. 
A concern
B involve
C include
D contain
25. 
A since
B although
C while
D so
26. 
A bound
B close
C near
D sure
27. 
A in most cases
B in the most cases
C in any cases
D in such cases
28. 
A important
B improbable
C impossible
D incredible
29. 
A in
B by
C with
D on
30. 
A means
B ways
C measures
D methods
31. 
A crack
B crash
C clash
D collide
32. 
A attached                                                                       B. due    
C. relevant                                                                      D. owing
A  B  C  D  
33. 
A disapproval
B disagreement
C protest
D objection
34. 
A but
B since
C so
D hence
35. 
A in
B at
C over
D for
Section Ⅲ  Reading Comprehension
Read the following .four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choo- sing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1

   On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8.53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center. " Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "an gels" --in fact, desperate office workers--were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?
   As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris (碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the wa ter, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual re minders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes,  hats,  briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.
   Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. But healing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling, while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.

36. 
According to paragraph one, the author's office was______.
A at Washington Heights
B just beside the World Trade Center
C in the South Street Seaport
D far from the WTC
37. 
The passage tells us that the author______.
A was a social worker
B worked in the Body Positive office near the WTO
C was asked to take some pictures of WTC
D ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening
38. 
What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?
A There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.
B A terrorist attack against America had begun.
C People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.
D He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happene
39. 
What was the immediate reaction of the author on seeing all this?
A He watched in horror taking pictures, but couldn't move.
B He ran nearer to help out.
C He ran nearer to take pictures.
D He ran away to try to find a shelter.
40. 
In the last paragraph, the author's attitude is that______.
A different people have different ideas
B however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forward
C people should go back to work immediately
D people shouldn't walk with expressionless faces
2

   On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices "active" euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal (致死的) drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be relieved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn when there is no hope that it can effect an ultimate cure.  "Active" euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books, punishable by 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who car ries it out will not be prosecuted.
   Euthanasia, often called "mercy killing" is a crime everywhere in Western Eu- rope. But more and more doctors and nurses readily admit to practicing it, most often in the "passive" form of withholding or withdrawing treatment. The long simmering eutha- nasia issue has lately boiled over into a, sometimes, fierce public debate, with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those opposed to the practice see themselves upholding sacred principles of respect for life, while those in favor raise the banner of hu mane treatment. After years on the defensive, the advocates now seem to be gaining ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll taken last year in France said they would like the law changed to decriminalize mercy killings.
   Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy in Europe since at least 1936, when a bill was introduced in the House of Lords that would have legalized mercy killing under very tightly supervised conditions. That bill failed, as have three others introduced in the House of Lords since then.
   Reasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find. Europeans, like Americans, are now living longer. Therefore, lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illnesses as the primary cause of death. And the euthanasists argue that every hu man being should have the right to "die with dignity," by which they usually mean the right to escape the horrors of a painful or degrading hospitalization (住院治疗).
   Most experts believe that euthanasia will continue to be practiced no matter what the law says.

41. 
What do you think is the standpoint of the author on this problem?
A He is a fence-sitter.
B He is afraid that the situation may get out of control.
C He is strongly against euthanasia.
D He supports euthanasia whole-heartedly.
42. 
From the passage we can see that in Holland______.
A a doctor who practices euthanasia will not be punished
B euthanasia is regarded as illegal
C euthanasia is very popular
D active euthanasia is still illegal, but people often tolerate an experienced doctor who carries it out
43. 
What is the comment of the author on the problem of euthanasia?
A Euthanasia is not regarded as a crime in France.
B More and more medical workers like to practice euthanasia, no matter what form it takes.
C The problem of euthanasia is now being debated heatedly and openly.
D There is not much difference between "active" and "passive" euthanasi
44. 
Which of the following statements can not be found in the passage?
A Those opposed euthanasia say that they believe the right to live is sacred.
B Those in favor of euthanasia maintain that they are for humane treatment.
C Recently the advocates of euthanasia have got more support from the public.
D More and more people Iike to have the law change
45. 
Which of the following is the most reasonable cause of euthanasia?
A People don't like to live too long.
B People don't like to suffer from lasting chronic diseases.
C People don't like to be hospitalized.
D People don't like to become a burden of others.
3

   Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops and factories are discovering the greater efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the "typical" Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of only a generation ago. He gains in crea ture comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal unique ness, or individuality.
   Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Ameri canization of France has its critics. They fear that "assembly-line life" will lead to the dis appearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life--to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of con versation in a local care?
   Since the late 1950's life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that  France  is  threatened  by  the  triumph  of  the  competitive,  goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.
   In spite of the critics, however,  countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a mod ern, industrial France is preferable to the old.

46. 
Which of the following is not given as a feature of the old French way of life?
A Leisure.
B Elegance.
C Efficiency.
D Tast
47. 
Which of the following is NOT related to the new French way of life?
A Shorter lunch hour.
B Greater output.
C Creature comfort.
D Leisurely care talk.
48. 
Nowadays few Frenchmen______.
A prefer the modern life style
B actually enjoy working at the assembly line
C are more concerned with money than in the past
D are more competitive than the old generation
49. 
The passage suggests that______.
A in pursuing material gains the Frenchmen are suffering losses elsewhere
B It's now unlikely to see a Frenchman enjoying a stroll by the river
C the French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked apples
D great changes have occurred in the life style of all Frenchmen
50. 
Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
A Changes in the French way of life.
B Criticism of the new life style.
C The Americanization of France.
D Features of the new way of lif
4

   When I was still an architecture student, a teacher told me,  "We learn more from buildings that fall down than from buildings that stand up. " What he meant was that con struction is as much the result of experience as of theory. Although structural design fol lows established formulas, the actual performance of a building is complicated by the pas sage of time, the behavior of users, the natural elements--and unnatural events. All are difficult to simulate. Buildings, unlike cars, can't be crash-tested.
   The first important lesson of the World Trade Center collapse is that tall buildings can withstand the impact of a large jetliner. The twin towers were supported by 59 perimeter columns on each side. Although about 30 of these columns, extending from four to six floors, were destroyed in each building by the impact, initially both towers remained standing. Even so, the death toll (代价) was appalling—2,245 people lost their lives.
   I was once asked, how tall buildings should be designed given what we'd learned from the World Trade Center collapse. My answer was,"Lower. " The question of when a tail building becomes unsafe is easy to answer. Common aerial fire-fighting ladders in use today are 100 feet high and can reach to about the 10th floor, so fires in buildings up to 10 sto ries high can be fought from the exterior (外部). Fighting fires and evacuating occupants above that height depend on fire stairs. The taller the building, the longer it will take for firefighters to climb to the scene of the fire. So the simple answer to the safety question is "Lower than 10 stories. "
   Then why don't cities impose lower height limits? A 60-story office building does not have six times as much rentable space as a 10-story building. However, all things being equal, such a building wili produce four times more revenue and four times more in proper ty taxes. So cutting building heights would mean cutting city budgets.
   The most important lesson of the World Trade Center collapse is not that we should stop building tall buildings but that we have misjudged their cost. We did the same thing when we underestimated the cost of hurtling along a highway in a steel box at 70 miles per hour. It took many years before seat belts, air bags, radial tires, and antilock brakes be came commonplace. At first, cars simply were too slow to warrant concern. Later, manu facturers resisted these expensive devices, arguing that consumers would not pay for safe ty. Now we do—willingly.

51. 
The first paragraph tells us that______.
A architecture is something more out of experience than out of theory
B architecture depends just as much on experience as on theory
C it is safer for people to live in old buildings
D we learn not so much from our failure as from our success
52. 
What can we learn from the WTC collapse?
A Although the structure of the two buildings was very strong, the death toll was still very shocking.
B The structure of the two buildings was of the first class.
C The structure of the two buildings was not so strong as people had expected.
D The structure of the two buildings was strong enough to withstand any accidents.
53. 
Ideally, the policy in city construction should be______.
A lower than ten stories
B the lower, the better
C the higher, the better
D higher than ten stories
54. 
Why are there still high buildings, or even skyscrapers in many cities?
A Because they are the symbol of modern time.
B Because many cities now lack building space.
C Because high buildings are an important financial source of a city's budget.
D Because high buildings represent the level of a country's science and technology.
55. 
What is the most important lesson of the WTC collapse?
A We should wear seat belts while driving.
B We should build low buildings just as we should drive slowly.
C We should make building tall buildings illegal.
D We should pay for safety while constructing tall buildings.
Section Ⅳ  Translation
In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
1. 
In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more clearly a matter of feeling. Adolescents, boys and girls, from deeply sentimental attachments, walk and talk together  not so much to polish their wits as to share their hopes and fears and dreams to form a common front against the world of school and family and to join in a kind of mutual discovery of each other's and their own inner life. Within the family, the closest relationship over a lifetime is between brothers and sisters. Outside the family, men and women find in their closest friends of the same sex the devotion of a sister,  the loyalty of a brother. Appropriately, in Germany friends usually are brought into the family. Children call their father's and their mother's friends "uncle" and "aunt". Between French friends, who have chosen each other for the similarity of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of argument are the breath of life. But for Germans, whose friendships are based on common feelings, deep disagreement on any subject that matters to both is regar- ded as a tragedy. Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be absolutely binding.
   Young Germans who come to the United States have great difficulty in establishing such friendships with Americans. We view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, marry, or discover new interests.

Section Ⅴ Writing
Write a composition with the title "Is University Expansion a Good Thing? " based on the following given outline. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Please write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. 
Outline:
   1. Some people say that the recent increased enrollment of university students is a good thing.
   2. Others hold the opposite view.
   3. Your opinion.
   Please illustrate your point with adequate evidence.