上海交通大学考博英语-2
1.The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under ______ of law.
A guideline
B definition
C constraint
D identity
2.All the countries allied to fight against their ______ .
A inventor
B likeability
C mediator
D adversary
3.If profit and money are your first ______ , and commitment to people your least concern, you have failed education.
A potential
B priority
C principle
D privilege
4.All the music instruments in the orchestra will be ______ before it starts.
A civilized
B chattered
C chambered
D chorded
5.The child's earliest words deal with concrete objects and actions, it is much later that he is able to grasp ______ .
A decisions
B abstractions
C opponents
D mathematics
6.For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a ______ author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.
A prevalent
B precautious
C prospective
D prolific
7.He cannot ______ the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.
A contribute to
B account for
C identify with
D leave out
8.Researchers find it hard to ______ the two sets of figures.
A associate
B correspond
C correlate
D respond
9.Please do not be ______ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.
A disgusted
B embarrassed
C irritated
D shocked
10.In the U. S. A. many communities and church groups ______ social centers for old people.
A sponsor
B bestow
C confer
D contribute
11.Kuwait, a small country in the Persian Gulf, is ______ in petroleum deposits.
A adequate
B sufficient
C accumulative
D abundant
12.Dependence on foreign sources of oil, though ______ , remains a problem for Japan.
A diminishing
B excessive
C depending
D respond
13.The accident ______ him of his sight and the use of his legs.
A excluded
B disabled
C deprived
D gripped
14.______ popular belief that classical music is too combles, it achieves a simplicity that only a genius can create.
A Subject to
B Contrary to
C Familiar to
D Similar to
15.The people living in these apartments have free ______ to that swimming pool.
A excess
B access
C excursion
D recreation
16.The flower under the sun would ______ quickly without any protection.
A wink
B withhold
C wither
D widower
17.I was ______ by their kindness and moved to tears.
A preoccupied
B embarrassed
C counseled
D overwhelmed
18.A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should______ new operating procedures.
A result in
B match with
C subject to
D proceed with
19.Finally, let' s ______ a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.
A stick to
B turn to
C lead to
D take to
20.The farmer was horrified at the ______ that he has dug from under the field.
A brain
B skeleton
C nose
D chest
21.I could see that my wife was ______ having that fur coat, whether I approved of it or not.
A adequate for
B intent on
C short of
D deficient in
22.Crisis would be the fight term to describe the ______ in many animal species.
A minimization
B restriction
C descent
D decline
23.Winds most often come from the coast, and are ______ dmp and not too cold.
A somewhat
B somehow
C nevertheless
D then
24.The United Nations Conference on Drug Abuse, which took place earlier this year in Vienna, was a very______ meeting.
A productive
B overwhelming
C compulsory
D protective
25.Horseback riding ______ both the skill of handling a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.
A embraces
B encourages
C exaggerates
D elaborate
26.If you want to find the bookseller's number, you could look it up in the telephone
A index
B catalogue
C list
D directory
27.Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not ______the test of international competition.
A keep up with
B stand up to
C comply with
D attend to
28.Rightist Christian leaders called for the ______ of Lebanon into Moslem and Christian states.
A participant
B panicle
C partition
D participation
29.Preceding the commotion of a battle, there is usually an unusual ______ .
A changeability
B likeability
C desirability
D tranquility
30.In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the ______ of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.
A disposition
B distinction
C distribution
D disruption
31.The bond of true affection had pulled us--six very different men from six different countries-across Antarctica; we proved in the end that we weren't very different ______ .
A for all
B as usual
C in particular
D after all
32.The advanced life forms in nature are all symmetrical, instead of being ______ .
A separated
B disproportionate
C mutable
D imprecise
33.Smuggling is a ______ activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.
A pertinent
B fruitful
C detrimental
D casual
34.The symphony concerts here are ______ by the municipal government.
A subdued
B subscribed
C subordinated
D subsidized
35.______ always exists between the theoretical deduction and the result of experimentation.
A Deviation
B Derivation
C Variation
D Variety
36.You should ______ the wheels of your bicycle once a month.
A fabricate
B lubricate
C elaborate
D illustrate
37.His body temperature has been ______ for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40. 5 degree centigrade.
A uncommon
B disordered
C abnormal
D extraordinary
38.There could have been a war over it but peace ______ in the end.
A counted
B revealed
C prevailed
D survived
39.Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a ______ event.
A cholesterol
B charcoal
C catastrophic
D chronic
40.The number of tickets available will be ______ by the size of the stadium.
A determined
B related
C consequent
D dependent
| The relationship between formal
education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by
economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary
for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other
societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the
very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor
countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems
there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance
would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution
have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job
to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher
standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U. S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U. S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U. S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts a result of the training that U. S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After ail, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity to the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is. |
41.The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ______.
A is subject groundless doubts
B has fallen victim of bias
C is conventional downgraded
D has been overestimated
42.It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system ______ .
A challenges economists and politicians
B takes efforts of gene rations
C demands priority from the government
D requires sufficient labor force
43.A major difference between the Japanese and U. S. workforces is that ______ .
A the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
B the Japanese workforce is more productive
C the U. S. workforce has a better education
D the U. S. workforce is more organize
44.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged ______ .
A when people had enough time
B prior to better ways of finding food
C when people on longer went hung
D as a result of pressure on government
45.According to the last paragraph, development of education ______ .
A results directly from competitive environments
B does not depend on economic performance
C follows improved productivity
D cannot afford political changes
| The most thoroughly studied in the
history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of
seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American
philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to
intellectual pursuits". According to many books and articles, New England's
leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,
dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect~ But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carders of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early setters of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, There were political leaders like john Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope--all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words:" come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." one wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched. Mean while, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish." |
46.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England ______ .
A Puritan tradition dominated political life.
B intellectual interests were encouraged.
C Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
D intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
47.It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders ______ .
A experienced a comparatively peaceful early history
B brought with them the culture of the Old World
C paid little attention to southern intellectual life
D were obsessed with religious innovations
48.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay ______ .
A were famous in the New World for their writings
B gained increasing importance in religious affairs
C abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
D created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
49.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ______ .
A influenced by superstitions
B troubled with religious beliefs
C puzzled by church sermons
D frustrated with family earnings
50.The text suggests that early settlers in New England ______ .
A were mostly engaged in political activities
B were motivated by an illusory prospect
C came from different backgrounds
D left few formal records for later reference
| While still catching-up to men in some
spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable
category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and
anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr.
Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration
Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. l lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. |
51.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
52.Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women ______ .
A Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
B Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
C Are more capable of avoiding stress.
D Are exposed to more stress.
53.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be ______ .
A domestic and temporary.
B irregular and violent.
C durable and frequent.
D trivial and random.
54.The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck. "(Line 5, para. 5) shows that ______ .
A Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
B Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.
C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
55.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
B Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
C Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
D Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
| It used to be so straightforward. A
team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results
of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author's
names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.
Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for
publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and
researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the
journal. No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it--is making access to scientific results a reality. The organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $ 7 billion and $ 11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2, 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16, 000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal rifles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. |
56.In the first paragraph, the author discusses ______ .
A the background information of journal editing.
B the publication routine of laboratory reports.
C the relations of authors with journal publishers.
D the traditional process of journal publication.
57.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
A It criticizes government-funded research.
B It introduces an effective means of publication.
C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
D It benefits scientific research considerably.
58.According to the text, online publication is significant in that ______ .
A it provides an easier access to scientific results.
B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
59.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to ______ .
A cover the cost of its publication.
B subscribe to the journal publishing it.
C allow other online journals to use it freely.
D complete the peer-review before submission.
60.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
B A new mode of publication is emerging.
C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
D Publication is rendered easier by online service.
| In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was
one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA)listed at
over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one
of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically
over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms
to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people-especially those born to families who have lived in the U. S. for many generations-apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chum-lea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients-notably, protein--to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height--5 '9" for men, 5'4" for women--hasn't really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident." |
61.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to ______ .
A illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
B show the popularity of NBA players in the U. S.
C compare different generations of NBA players.
D assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
62.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
A Genetic modification.
B Natural environment.
C Living standards.
D Daily exercise.
63.on which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
A Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
B Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
C Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
D Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
64.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future ______ .
A the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
B the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
C genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
D the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
65.The text intends to tell us that ______ .
A the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
B human height is becoming even more predictable.
C Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
D the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
| In 1784, five years before he became
president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So
he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw-having extracted them
from the months of his slaves. That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution", including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children--though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. |
66.George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to ______ .
A show the primitive medical practice in the past.
B demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
C stress the role of slaves in the U. S. history.
D reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
67.We may infer from the second paragraph that ______ .
A DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
B in its early days the U. S. was confronted with delicate situations.
C historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.
D political compromises are easily found throughout the U. S. history.
68.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
A His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
B His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
C His attitude towards slavery was complex.
D His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
69.Which of the following is true according to the text?
A Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
B Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
C Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
D Slavery wad regarded as a peculiar institution.
70.Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his ______ .
A moral considerations.
B military experience.
C financial conditions.
D political stand.
1.