Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate--topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make 1 unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, 2 it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and 3 surprisingly,it is beginning to 4 our health,our happiness,and our civilization.
Once we thought of pollution 5 meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty 6 that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is 7 the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several 8 attack the most basic life functions.
Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, 9 the wildlife. By 10 sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our 11 water. We are polluting the oceans, too, kilting the fish and 12 depriving ourselves 13 an invaluable food supply.
Part of the problem is our exploding 14 . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans 15 of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to 16 anything. Today almost everything is disposable. 17 of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old,even 18 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers,which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of 19 :" Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness.
Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump,or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? 20 , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

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While it"s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason. The last thing you want is for your brain cells to start producing stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven"t begun to specialize.
Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells--brain cells in Alzheimer"s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stern cells and get them to grow into neural, muscle and bone cells. The process still can"t be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations. But if efforts to understand and master stem-ceil development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.
The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin. True cloning, as first shown with Dolly the sheep two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated ceil can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.
For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.
Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a tree "miracle cure".

1. 
The passage mainly discusses ______.

A the cloning technology

B types of body cells

C stem cells

D methods of growing body tissues

2. 
The reason a nose is not likely to turn into a kidney is that ______.

A cells in the nose do not contain instructions

B nose does not contain brain cells

C instructions in a nose cell are inactivated

D the stem ceils have not been specialized

3. 
When stem cells specialize, they ______.

A grow into body parts

B are destroyed

C are set back to a pristine state

D turn nose into kidney

4. 
The phrase "biological carbon copies" (para. 4) refers to ______.

A physical characteristics of real market value

B body tissues

C cloned animals

D stem cells

5. 
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

A Human cloning is a technical impossibility.

B Human cloning may cause ethical concerns.

C Cloning contributes to understanding of stem cells.

D The potential medical values of cloning have been exaggerated.

In popular discussions of emissions-rights trading systems, it is common to mistake the smokestacks for the trees. For example, the wealthy oil enclave of Abu Dhabi brags that it has planted more than 130 million trees—each of which does its duty in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, this artificial forest in the desert also consumes huge quantities of irrigation water produced, or recycled, from expensive desalination plants. The trees may allow its leaders to wear a halo at international meetings, but the rude fact is that they are an energy-intensive beauty strip, like most of so-called green capitalism. And, while we"re at it, let"s just ask: What if the buying and selling of carbon credits and pollution offsets fails to reduce global warming? What exactly will motivate governments and global industries then to join hands in a crusade to reduce emissions through regulation and taxation?
Kyoto-type climate diplomacy assumes that all the major actors will recognize an overriding common interest in gaining harness over the runaway greenhouse effect. But global warming is not War of the Worlds, where invading Martians are dedicated to annihilating all of humanity without distinction. Climate change, instead, will initially produce dramatically unequal impacts across regions and social classes. It will reinforce, not diminish, geopolitical inequality and conflict.
As the UNDP emphasized in its report last year, global warming is above all a threat to the poor and the unborn, the "two parties with little or no political voice". Coordinated global action on their behalf thus presupposes either their revolutionary empowerment or the transformation of the self-interest of rich countries and classes into an enlightened "solidarity" without precedent in history. From a rational perspective, the latter outcome only seems realistic if it can be shown that privileged groups possess no preferential "exit" option, that internationalist public opinion drives policymaking in key countries, and that greenhouse gas reduction could be achieved without major sacrifices in upscale Northern Hemispheric standards of living—none of which seems highly likely.
And what if growing environmental and social turbulence, instead of stimulating heroic innovation and international cooperation, simply drives elite publics into even more frenzied attempts to wall themselves off from the rest of humanity? Global intervention, in this unexplored but not improbable scenario, would be silently abandoned (as, to some extent, it already has been) in favor of accelerated investment in selective adaptation for Earth"s first-class passengers. We"re talking here of the prospect of creating green and gated oases of permanent affluence on an otherwise stricken planet.
Of course, there will still be treaties, carbon credits, famine relief, humanitarian acrobatics, and perhaps, the full-scale conversion of some European cities and small countries to alternative energy. But the shift to low-, or zero-emission lifestyles would be almost unimaginably expensive. And this will certainly become even more unimaginable after perhaps 2030, when the combined impacts of climate change, peak oil, peak water, and an additional 1.5 billion people on the planet may begin to seriously threaten growth.

1. 
The author gives the example of Abu Dhabi in order to illustrate that

A artificial forests can be a solution to environmental problems.

B what Abu Dhabi has done has won international recognition.

C planting trees in huge-numbers is harmful to desert environment.

D environmentally-friendly attempts may damage the environment.

2. 
What does the word "runaway" (line 2, para. 2) mean?

A Uncontrolled.

B Unpredicted.

C Immeasurable.

D Growing.

3. 
What is NOT a fundamental concern for the concerted action of rich countries?

A The spirit of worldwide coordination should play a part in decision-making.

B The disadvantaged interest groups should be taken into consideration.

C Countries and regions should be treated indiscriminately.

D No countries should suffer any change in terms of life quality.

4. 
According to the author, which of the following statements is true?

A International cooperation can help curb environmental and social crisis.

B Innovation and cooperation in environmental issues are unlikely to happen.

C Rich countries will possibly seclude themselves from the rest of the world.

D Investment in environmental conservation will largely increase in selected areas.

5. 
What is the author"s attitude towards the shift to low-emission lifestyles?

A Doubtful.

B Supportive.

C Ambiguous.

D Encouraging.

When doctors need information about what dose of medication to prescribe, they usually consult a fat navy-blue book called The Physicians" Desk Reference, or PDR, an extensive compilation of data about drugs form their manufacturers. But the doses recommended in the PDR may be too high for many people and may cause adverse reactions, ranging from dizziness and nausea all the way to death, according to an article published last month in the journal Postgraduate Medicine.
For many drugs — including Viagra, Prozac and some medicines used to treat high blood pressure, allergies, insomnia and high cholesterol — smaller doses would work just as well, with far less risk of bad reactions, said Jay Cohen, the author of the article.
"Side effects drive a lot of people out of treatment that they need," Dr. Cohen said, noting that people with chronic conditions like high blood pressure, headaches and depression often gave up trying to treat their illnesses when they found that the cure was worse than the disease. But if doctors were to individualize dosages for each patient, more people might take their medicine.
Dr. Cohen said he became aware of the problem because he encountered many patients who suffered from side effects even though they had taken what were supposedly the correct doses of medicine. When Dr. Cohen consulted medical journals and textbooks, he discovered studies showing that many patients were helped by smaller than usual amounts of medication. And many of his own patients did better with reduced doses of medicine.
He said his findings helped explain a study published last year by other researchers, who reported that drug reactions in hospitals were among the nation" s leading causes of death, killing more than 100,000 Americans a year. The deaths that the team studied were not due to medication errors by doctors or patients; they occurred in people taking doses thought to be correct.
Dosing guidelines generally tend to be too high because they are based on studies conducted in limited numbers of patients by drug companies when they are seeking approval for new products. For those studies to run efficiently, doses need to be high enough to show as quickly as possible that the drug works. But later, after the drug is approved, far more people take it, sometimes along with other drugs, and individual differences begin to show up. Yet, that information does not always make it into the PDR and it is not well taught in medical school, Cohen said.
Dr. Cohen cautioned that patients should not begin tinkering with doses pf prescription drugs on their own. He said they needed to work with doctors to adjust the doses safely. With some drugs, doses cannot be changed. And in emergencies, he said, it is always safest to stick with recommended doses.

1. 
In what way did Dr. Cohen help explain why so many Americans die of drug reactions ?

A He found out the mistakes of PDR.

B He lowered the drug doses in treating patients.

C He used different doses according to individuals.

D He suggested medical schools teach the importance of lowering doses.

2. 
What kind of adverse reactions may the doses recommended by PDR cause?

A Nausea, death and" high cholesterol.

B Nausea, dizziness and insomnia.

C Nausea, death and high blood pressure.

D Nausea, dizziness and death.

3. 
We may infer from the text that

A drug companies are not responsible for its drugs.

B medical doctors should not follow PDR mechanically.

C Dr. Cohen is a sceptic.

D side effect should not be neglected.

4. 
In the last paragraph, the phrase "tinkering with" may be replaced by

A trifling with.

B concurring with.

C fiddling with.

D playing with.

5. 
What is the main message of the text?

A More than 100,000 Americans were killed by drug reactions.

B PDR should be revised.

C Lowering drug doses may cut side effects.

D Medical schools should teach individualized dosing.

It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn"t see why I should"t write my let- tees by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write.
1
I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch.
"She"s gone to the market," Gertha said. "She"s 11 be back in half an hour."
2
"I shah tell Fran Chef, "she said.
Something in her manner made me ask, "Has this ever happened before?"
"Once or twice this year, "she said." I"ll speak to Frau Chef. "And she added, with her music-hall grimace, "He was probably counting your eyelashes."
3
For nearly an hour I sat patiently at the window. Herr Sroh rested his arm now and again, but he did not leave his seat. I could see him clearly, although I think I imagined the grin on his face as, from time to time, he raised the glasses to his eyes. There was no doubt that he could see, as if it were within an inch of his face, the fury on mine. It was too late now for one of us to give in, and I kept glancing down at the entrances to the hotel Stroh, expecting to see Fran Lublonitsch or perhaps one of her sons or the yard hands going across to deliver a protest. But no one from our de approached the Stroh premises. I continue to stare, and Herr continued to goggle through his glasses.
Then he dropped them. It was as if they had been jerked out of his hands by an invisible nudge. He approached close to the window and gazed, but now he was gazing at a point above and slightly to the left of my room. After about two minutes, he turned and disappeared.
4
"Did she telephone to his house?"
"No, Frau Chef doesn"t use the phone; it mixes her up."
"Who protested, then."?"
"Fran Chef."
"But she hasn"t been across to see him. I"ve been watching the house."
"No, Frau Chef doesn"t visit with him. But don"t worry, he known all right that he mustn"t annoy our guests. "
When I looked out of the window again, I saw that the blind of Herr Stroh"s room had been pulled down, and so it remainded for the rest of my stay.
Meantime, I went out to post my letters in the box opposite our hotel, across the path. The sun had come out more strongly, and Herr Stroh stood in his doorway blinking up at the roof of the Guesthouse Lublonitsch. He was engrossed, he did not notice me at all.
5
Like most of the roofs in that province, the Lublonitsch roof had a railed ledge running several inches above the eaves, for the purpose of preventing the snow from falling in heavy thumps during the winter. On this ledge, just below an attic window, stood the gold-and-rose ormolu clock that I had seen in Frau Lublonitsch"s splendid bedroom.
I turned the corner just as Herr Stroh gave up his gazing; he went indoors, sullen and bent. Two ear-loads of people who had moved into the hotel that morning were now moving out, shifting their baggage with speed and the signs of a glad departure. I know that his house was nearly empty.
A. I didn"t want to draw his attention by following the line of his gaze but I was curious as to what held him staring so trance-like up at our roof. On my way back from the post- box I saw what it was.
B. I caught sight of a tiled stove contructed of mosaic files that were not a local type. I also noticed, standing upon the cabinet, a large ornamental clock; each curve and twirl in the case of this clock was overlaid with that gilded-bronze alloy which is known as ormolu. The clock twinkled in the sunlight which slanted between the window hangings.
C. I looked up a few moments later, and this time Herr Stroh was seated on a chair a little way back from the window. He was facing me squarely and holding to his eyes a pair of field-glasses.
D. I returned to my room. Herr Stroh still sat in position, the field-glasses in his hands resting on his knees. As soon as I came within view, he raised the glasses to his eyes, I decided to stare him out until such time as Frau Lublonitsch should return and take the matter in hand.
E. Just then Gertha knocked at my door. "Frau Chef has protested, and you won"t have any more trouble, "she said.
F. So I lodged my complaint with Gertha.

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the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 1
environmental control is related with the national revenues? 2
the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 3
a variety of species are on the decrease? 4
agriculture is also a factor for file degradation of environment? 5
pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 6
The developing world is often regarded as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector.
7
substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoid ance. 8
the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 9
the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 10

BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development.
The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy.

BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years" and many countries" economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world"s countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems?
This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking.- the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets.
The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law.

BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world.
The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries" economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies.
The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-a-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production.

BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control.
The book focuses on three main concepts- substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution.
The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models.- first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

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Some people claim that television is good for children because it gets children cleverer by watching it, while others think that television is bad for children. Write an article to express your point of view on this topic.
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.